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251.
Damian M. Waters Alexandra M. Olson Naja Fousheé Deborah Q. Shelef Lisa Stewart Kabir Yadav Ivor B. Horn Randi Streisand Cynthia Rand Stephen J. Teach 《Journal of child and family studies》2017,26(6):1622-1634
Asthma remains the most prevalent chronic illness among children. Despite the substantial body of literature examining children with asthma, few studies have examined parents’ perspectives of the condition and experiences of caregiver stress. Parents of children with chronic illnesses experience elevated stress and may have limited opportunities to cope with complex emotions while caring for children with asthma. Drawing from focus groups and interviews with African American and Hispanic parents of children with asthma, this qualitative study was conducted as part of a patient-centered engagement process to inform the refinement of an intervention aimed at reducing stress among parents of children with asthma. All data were transcribed and underwent three waves of inductive analysis. The content analysis indicated that the unpredictable nature of asthma and the caregiving burden associated with managing children’s asthma contributed to parents’ stress, and external contexts compounded the impact of these stressors. Parents also reported having difficulty identifying how they coped with stress and employed approaches to coping with stress that they applied intermittently but encountered several barriers to enacting known or available coping strategies. Analyses also revealed that parents desired a multimodal stress reduction intervention that emphasized building relationships, allowed for flexibility, and encouraged staff-parent communication. Whereas African American and Hispanic parents’ experiences of stress and coping strategies were similar, their preferences differed in regards to incorporating technology into the intervention, the credentials of facilitators, and the salience of language preferences. Understanding the complexities of stressors facing caregivers is important for developing interventions to support parents and children coping with asthma, and in particular when working with families from diverse backgrounds. 相似文献
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254.
John R. Hollenbeck Aleksander P.J. Ellis Stephen E. Humphrey Adela S. Garza Daniel R. Ilgen 《Organizational behavior and human decision processes》2011
This study tested predictions derived from Structural Adaptation Theory (SAT) on the longitudinal effects of centralizing and decentralizing decision-making structures in teams. Results from 93 four-person teams working on a command and control simulation generally supported SAT, documenting that it was more difficult for teams to adapt to a centralized decision-making structure after formerly working within a decentralized structure, than it was to adapt in the alternative direction. The negative effects of centralized shifts were mediated by efficiency and adaptability, in the sense that former decentralized teams experienced the negative aspects of centralization (lack of adaptability), but not the positive aspects (efficiency). The dangers of employing structural reconfiguration to solve certain problems in teams are discussed, especially if these changes are based upon expectations generalized from cross-sectional research that did not directly observe teams that experienced true structural change. 相似文献
255.
American women still confront workplace barriers (e.g., bias against mothers, inflexible policies) that hinder their advancement at the upper levels of organizations. However, most Americans fail to recognize that such gender barriers still exist. Focusing on mothers who have left the workforce, we propose that the prevalent American assumption that actions are a product of choice conceals workplace barriers by communicating that opportunities are equal and that behavior is free from contextual influence. Study 1 reveals that stay-at-home mothers who view their own workplace departure as an individual choice experience greater well-being but less often recognize workplace barriers and discrimination as a source of inequality than do mothers who do not view their workplace departure as an individual choice. Study 2 shows that merely exposing participants to a message that frames actions in terms of individual choice increases participants' belief that society provides equal opportunities and that gender discrimination no longer exists. By concealing the barriers that women still face in the workplace, this choice framework may hinder women's long-term advancement in society. 相似文献
256.
Pury CL 《Psychological science》2011,22(6):835-6; author reply 837-8
257.
In the present study, we investigated response decisions made under conditions of incomplete information in rats. In Experiment
1, rats were trained on either a positive patterning (PP; A-, B-, AB+) or a negative patterning (NP; A+, B+, AB-) instrumental
lever-press discrimination. Subjects that had learned an NP discrimination responded less to Cue A when Cue B was covered
at test. The cover did not, however, affect test responses to Cue A in the PP condition. In Experiment 2, rats received concurrent
training on both PP and NP discriminations. After concurrent training, responses to Cue A were different with B covered versus
uncovered for both NP and PP discriminations. We discuss possible accounts for why exposure to a nonlinearly soluble discrimination
(NP) may have affected sensitivity to cue ambiguity produced by the cover. These results have interesting implications for
representational processes engaged in problem solving. 相似文献
258.
In this study, we examine whether an actual (rather than hypothetical) man being labeled “gay” either by himself or by another
influences American (US) undergraduates’ attributions of the man’s masculinity, femininity, and likeability, replicating (with
refinements) a similar study from the 1970s. One hundred ninety-two male and 591 female undergraduates, almost exclusively
white, in Kentucky observed two gender-typical white men (one very masculine and the other of average masculinity, both low
in femininity, both gay) play a word game on videotape; prior to playing, each man labeled either himself or the other man
as either gay or adopted. Male participants rated the men as less masculine and more feminine than female participants, but
the label used did not differentially influence male and female participants. Both male and female participants rated each
man less masculine and more feminine when labeled gay than when the other man was labeled gay, and rated the more masculine
man less masculine and more feminine when labeled gay than when labeled adopted. Whether either man was labeled by himself
or by the other man, or whether either man was a labeler or in the presence of a self-labeler, had no effect on participants’
ratings of the men’s masculinity or femininity. Both men were rated as likeable across all conditions. While the stereotype
of gay men as more feminine and less masculine than other men appears robust since the 1970 study, the dislike of gay men
appears to have abated. 相似文献
259.
Ellis TB 《Journal of the American Academy of Religion. American Academy of Religion》2011,79(4):879-927
Hard-core Tantric practice is disgusting, a point several scholars make. Scholarly interpretations of Tantric disgustingness, however, tend to follow the lead of Mary Douglas in suggesting that what disgusts is ultimately a reflection of social–historical concerns with borders and boundaries. Such interpretations fail to take seriously the Tantric consumption of feces, menstrual blood, urine, semen, and phlegm. Likewise, they fail to take seriously the particular sexual act involved, that is, intercourse with a menstruating, riding-astride, out-of-caste, mother-substitute. Consulting contemporary disgust research, I suggest that hard-core Tantra is literally disgusting because it is literally maladaptive. Disgust was naturally selected to deter the ingestion of bio-toxic pathogens as well as the practice of suboptimal sexual intercourse. Disgust maintains the species' viability. Tantra confounds disgust and thus disgusts. Tantra engages antibiological behaviors in its characteristically religious war against the body. As a disgusting religion, Tantra may be a perfected religion. 相似文献
260.
Informed by the practice of code-switching or style-switching in linguistics, “bilingual therapeutics” is proposed as the
complementary integration of two evidence-based practices in psychotherapy: motivational interviewing (MI) and dialectical
behavior therapy (DBT). Unique features of MI and DBT are presented, current research of each practice is reviewed, and their
similarities and distinctions are discussed. It is proposed that fluency in both “languages” of MI and DBT may usher in a
new therapeutic perspective to enhance client case conceptualization, illuminate subtleties of the therapeutic process, and
foster more intentional and deliberate practitioners. Specifically, MI and DBT code-switching may help recruit and retain
clients in formal treatment (e.g.,”speaking” MI more prominently to prepare clients for 12-month standard DBT) and promote
consultation among therapists. The complementary integration of MI and DBT also suggests the emergence of a linguistic “third
space,” including “spirit as synthesis” and “improvisational dance.” 相似文献