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91.
Subjects shot a light gun at a target with a photorecepter cell in the bull's-eye, with the only information regarding their accuracy being provided by reinforcing tone signals. Half the subjects received reinforcers contingent upon their hits. The others were yoked to the contingent subjects, receiving non-contingent reinforcers in the same patterns. Experiment 1 compared contingent or noncontingent positive or aversive reinforcers in their effect on subsequent anagrams performance. Phenomenal experiences, such as cognitive awareness, attributions, and moods, were assessed. Subjects exhibited a strong helplessness effect independent of their phenomenal experiences. In Experiment 2 the independent variables of contingent/noncontingent reinforcement and awareness of noncontingency were manipulated orthogonally by informing half the subjects that their reinforcement had been noncontingent in the target-shooting. Actual noncontingency produced a strong helplessness effect whereas “awareness of noncontingency” did not. 相似文献
92.
Curtis A. Becker 《Memory & cognition》1980,8(6):493-512
Using a procedure that isolates the facilitatory and interfering effects of a semantic context, the present study examines two distinct patterns of context effects. One pattern shows a dominance of facilitation for target words in a related context, and the other pattern shows a dominance of interference for target words in an unrelated context. The controlling factor seems to be the overall characteristics of the stimulus list. For materials that include semantic relationships that are consistent in the strength of the relationships, facilitation dominance obtains. For materials that include a wide range of semantic relationship strengths, interference dominance results. These two patterns of facilitation and interference are attributed to two semantic strategies available to subjects for using context information. The explication of the strategies includes a theoretical treatment of the present data. 相似文献
93.
S J Rule D W Curtis 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1985,11(4):509-516
When a subject evaluates the duration of two simultaneous events, the perceived durations are combined in a nonlinear manner, whereas comparable evaluations of successive events yield linear combinations. Fifty-four subjects rated average durations of pairs of time intervals ranging from 0.5 s to 10.0 s. The intervals making up a pair were presented successively and simultaneously on separate occasions within the same presentation sequence. The order of data was consistent with models previously proposed for perceived average duration. A nonmetric analysis of the combined ordinal data from both conditions yielded a single set of measures of perceived duration with ratio-scale properties. The common scale for the two conditions is consistent with differences in results from simultaneous and successive monitoring of time intervals, stemming from differences in the way duration information is combined rather than how it is perceived. the derived scale is related to physical time by a power function with a 1.06 exponent. 相似文献
94.
C Hardyck C Chiarello N F Dronkers G V Simpson 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》1985,11(5):650-666
Five experiments are reported examining the effect of attentional orienting on lexical decisions within visual half-fields. In Experiment 1, following baseline performance, subjects were instructed to improve performance to the right or left of the fixation point. In Experiment 2, trials were run in blocks with all items to one side of the fixation point. In Experiment 3, completely valid position indicators as to the location of the next item to be shown were presented prior to the stimulus item. In Experiment 4, to examine practice effects, no instructions or cuing were given to subjects. In Experiment 5, subjects were urged to improve performance, but with no instructions as to location. As a summary of our results, it can be stated that (a) consistent visual field differences in lexical decision performance are present, even when subjects were informed, prior to viewing, of the spatial location of the next stimulus item. (b) Lexical decision information initially input to one cerebral hemisphere is primarily processed in that hemisphere. Interhemispheric transfer of this type of language information seems to be done primarily as the end product of a cognitive process. 相似文献
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Alcohol abuse among clinically anxious patients 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
B A Thyer R T Parrish J Himle O G Cameron G C Curtis R M Nesse 《Behaviour research and therapy》1986,24(3):357-359
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