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271.
Bolbecker AR Cheng Z Felsten G Kong KL Lim CC Nisly-Nagele SJ Wang-Bennett LT Wasserman GS 《Consciousness and cognition》2002,11(2):265-72; discussion 304-7, 326-33
Mental timing studies may be influenced by powerful cognitive illusions that can produce an asymmetry in their rate of progress relative to neuronal timing studies. Both types of timing research are also governed by a temporal asymmetry, expressed by the fact that the direction of causation must follow time's arrow. Here we refresh our earlier suggestion that the temporal asymmetry offers promise as a means of timing mental activities. We update our earlier analysis of Libet's data within this framework. Then we consider the surprises which often occur on those rare occasions when neural timing experiments parallel mental timing work exactly. Together, these surprises and asymmetries prescribe a relentlessly meticulous and fully transparent exposition of timing methods, terms, and concepts which shuns plausible narratives, even when buttressed by rigorous formal models, unless guided by opposite empirical evidence. 相似文献
272.
N Eisenberg E T Gershoff R A Fabes S A Shepard A J Cumberland S H Losoya I K Guthrie B C Murphy 《Developmental psychology》2001,37(4):475-490
The relations between mothers' expressed positive and negative emotion and 55-79-month-olds' (76% European American) regulation, social competence, and adjustment were examined. Structural equation modeling was used to test the plausibility of the hypothesis that the effects of maternal expression of emotion on children's adjustment and social competence are mediated through children's dispositional regulation. Mothers' expressed emotions were assessed during interactions with their children and with maternal reports of emotions expressed in the family. Children's regulation, externalizing and internalizing problems. and social competence were rated by parents and teachers, and children's persistence was surreptitiously observed. There were unique effects of positive and negative maternal expressed emotion on children's regulation. and the relations of maternal expressed emotion to children's externalizing problem behaviors and social competence were mediated through children's regulation. Alternative models of causation were tested; a child-directed model in which maternal expressivity mediated the effects of child regulation on child outcomes did not fit the data as well. 相似文献
273.
Beckett C Maughan B Rutter M Castle J Colvert E Groothues C Hawkins A Kreppner J O'Connor TG Stevens S Sonuga-Barke EJ 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2007,35(6):1063-1073
The relationship between severe early institutional deprivation and scholastic attainment at age 11 in 127 children (68 girls
and 59 boys) adopted from institutions in Romania was compared to the attainment of 49 children (17 girls and 32 boys) adopted
within the UK from a non-institutional background. Overall, children adopted from Romania had significantly lower attainment
scores than those adopted within the UK; the children within the Romanian sample who had spent 6 months or more in an institution
had significantly lower attainment scores than those who had spent less than 6 months in an institution, but there was no
additional risk of low attainment associated with longer institutional care after 6 months. The lower scholastic attainment
in the children adopted from Romanian institutions, as compared with domestic adoptees, was mediated by IQ, and to a lesser
degree, inattention/overactivity. When these factors were taken into account, only small between-group differences in attainment
remained. 相似文献
274.
This study examined changes in rhythmic arm shaking and laterality biases in infants observed longitudinally at three points: just prior to, at, and just following reduplicated babble onset. Infants (ranging in age from 4 to 9 months at babble onset) were videotaped at home as they played with two visually identical audible and silent rattles presented at midline for 1.5 min each. Rate of rattle shaking increased sharply from the pre-babble to the babble onset session; but there was no indication that this increase was specific to the right arm. This finding suggests that the link between babble onset and increased rhythmic arm activity may not be the product of language-specific mechanisms, but is rather part of a broader developmental process that is also perceptual and motor. 相似文献
275.
Eisenberg N Michalik N Spinrad TL Hofer C Kupfer A Valiente C Liew J Cumberland A Reiser M 《Cognitive development》2007,22(4):544-567
The relations of children's (n = 214 at Time 1; M age = 6 years at Time 1) dispositional sympathy to adult-reported and behavioral measures of effortful control (EC) and impulsivity were examined in a longitudinal study including five assessments, each two years apart. Especially for boys, relatively high levels of EC and growth in EC were related to high sympathy. Teacher-reported impulsivity was generally modestly negatively related to measures of teacher-reported sympathy for boys, and a decline in impulsivity was linked to boys’ sympathy. Some findings suggested a positive association between impulsivity and children's self-reported sympathy. EC, especially when reported by teachers, was more often a unique predictor of sympathy than was impulsivity. Results generally support the argument that sympathetic individuals, especially boys, are high in EC and that EC is a more consistent predictor of sympathy than impulsivity. 相似文献
276.
John T. Mitchell Nathan A. Kimbrel Natalie E. Hundt Amanda R. Cobb Rosemery O. Nelson-Gray Christopher M. Lootens 《欧洲人格杂志》2007,21(7):869-887
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) and the Five-Factor Model (FFM) are two prominent personality accounts that have emerged from different backgrounds. Although the two accounts are applied to similar research topics, there is limited empirical work examining the correspondence between them. The current study explored the relationship between RST-based personality traits and the FFM domains and facets in an undergraduate sample (n = 668). Regression analyses indicated that Sensitivity to Punishment (SP) was positively associated with Neuroticism and Agreeableness, and negatively associated with Extraversion, Openness, and Conscientiousness. In contrast, Sensitivity to Reward (SR) was positively associated with Extraversion and Neuroticism, and negatively associated with Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Exploratory analyses at the facet level specified the relationship between SP, SR, and each domain. A factor analysis was also conducted to explore the higher-order factor structure of RST and the FFM domains. Three factors emerged, which we labelled SP, Stability-Impulsivity, and Sensation Seeking. Taken together, these findings suggest that there is substantial overlap between these two accounts of personality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
277.
Charna Mintz Michele D. Wallace Adel C. Najdowski Katy Atcheson Amanda Bosch 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(4):333-341
Current research on preference methodology and the effects of choice with children who are typically developing is limited.
This study evaluated two preference methodologies for identifying reinforcers across two choice options within the classroom.
These methods include a teacher-generated list of reinforcers, a student-generated list of reinforcers, student choice from
both lists, and teacher choice from both lists. Four elementary aged-children with no diagnosed learning or developmental
disabilities participated. Both preference methods were effective in identifying reinforcers for all participants. Moreover,
both choice options resulted in increases in responding. Results are discussed with respect to reinforcement and the effects
of “choice.” 相似文献
278.
Supporting teacher use of interventions: effects of response dependent performance feedback on teacher implementation of a math intervention 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Donna Gilbertson Joseph C. Witt Lynn LaFleur Singletary Amanda VanDerHeyden 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2007,16(4):311-326
This study examined general education teachers’ implementation of a peer tutoring intervention for five elementary students
referred for consultation and intervention due to academic concerns. Treatment integrity was assessed via permanent products
produced by the intervention. Following verbal instructions, intervention implementation by four teachers was consistently
low or exhibited a downward trend whereas one teacher’s moderate implementation co-occurred with student gains. When classroom
training was conducted with four teachers exhibiting low integrity, all teachers improved implementation. After accurately
implementing the intervention for three training sessions with classroom training, response dependent performance feedback
was provided when teachers independently used the intervention below 100% integrity, as determined by review of permanent
products. With response dependent performance feedback, three of the four teachers implemented the intervention at levels
above the verbal training performance, whereas implementation for one teacher increased following discussion of an upcoming
school team meeting. Student math scores improved during intervention. 相似文献
279.
This study investigated the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Revised (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) with regard to each instrument's utility for discriminating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from depression and social phobia in a sample of college students with mixed civilian trauma exposure. Participants were 90 trauma-exposed undergraduates (16 male, 74 female) classified into one of four groups: PTSD, depressive disorders, social phobia, and well-adjusted. For both the PAI and the MMPI-2, profile analysis revealed that the groups differed in the elevation and shape of their profiles. The PAI Traumatic Stress subscale demonstrated good discriminant validity. 相似文献
280.
John T. Rapp Amanda M. Colby Timothy R. Vollmer Henry S. Roane Joanna Lomas Lisa N. Britton 《Behavioral Interventions》2007,22(4):319-345
In two experiments, events that were recorded using continuous duration recording (CDR) were rescored using 10‐s partial interval (PIR), 10‐s momentary time sampling (MTS) and 20‐s MTS. Results of Experiment 1 showed that data paths generated by each interval method produced conclusions about functional control that were similar to those based on CDR when using reversal designs; however, for multielement designs, 10‐s PIR was prone to showing differentiation between data paths that was not evident with CDR. Results of Experiment 2 showed that both 10‐s and 20‐s MTS yielded data paths on behavior–behavior relations (e.g., covarying responses) that were consistent with CDR whereas 10‐s PIR produced some behavior–behavior patterns that were not. In both experiments, 10‐s MTS generated data paths that were nearly identical to the respective CDR data paths. The implications of these findings for researchers and clinicians are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献