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51.
C. M. Steele and J. Aronson (1995) showed that making race salient when taking a difficult test affected the performance of high-ability African American students, a phenomenon they termed stereotype threat. The authors document that this research is widely misinterpreted in both popular and scholarly publications as showing that eliminating stereotype threat eliminates the African American-White difference in test performance. In fact, scores were statistically adjusted for differences in students' prior SAT performance, and thus, Steele and Aronson's findings actually showed that absent stereotype threat, the two groups differ to the degree that would be expected based on differences in prior SAT scores. The authors caution against interpreting the Steele and Aronson experiment as evidence that stereotype threat is the primary cause of African American-White differences in test performance. 相似文献
52.
To examine the generalizability of stereotype threat theory findings from laboratory to applied settings, the authors developed models of the pattern of relationships between cognitive test scores and outcome criteria that would be expected if the test scores of women and minority group members were affected by stereotype threat. Two large data sets were used to test these models, one in an education setting examining SAT-grade relationships by race and gender and the other in a military job setting examining Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery-job performance relationships by race. Findings were not supportive of the predictions arising from stereotype threat theory, suggesting caution in positing threat as a key determinant of subgroup mean test score differences in applied settings. 相似文献
53.
J. E. Cullen 《Personality and individual differences》1981,2(4):285-292
A 6-month behavioral project was carried out at HM Borstal Feltham, Middlesex, a custodial institution for young male offenders aged 16–21 serving an indeterminate sentence of between 6 months and 2 years. Twelve trainees with a variety of clinical histories were involved in the project. Operant techniques including a points incentive scheme and individual contracting were structured in an attempt to improve behaviours relevant to discharge as well as borstal adjustment. Results indicate several improvements in terms of borstal offending, and the acquisition of new skills. The effects of applying behavioural techniques systematically to a small unit were consistently favourable. A number of learning points arose related to the problems of staff training, relationships between different grades and the need to work within one clear theoretical model exclusively. 相似文献
54.
John K. Cullen Jr. Carl L. Thompson Larry F. Hughes Charles I. Berlín Diane S. Samson 《Brain and language》1974,1(4):307-322
Five dichotic speech experiments were conducted with normal adult listeners in which the signal to one or both ears was degraded by manipulation of intensity, signal-to-noise ratio, or bandwidth parameters. Results suggest that: (1) performance of the ear (or ears) receiving the degraded signal can be predicted from the monaural identifiability of the stimuli, and (2) dichotic performance, at least in stop consonant-vowel tests, reflects an additive central process which combines speech information from the two ears. 相似文献
55.
John B Cullen 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1983,22(3):257-267
Theorists concerned with the nature of professionalism and researchers investigating professionals in the work environment often assume that professional occupations are a unique occupational type. To test this assumption, an occupational taxonomy based on nine dimensions of professionalism was derived empirically. The taxonomy represented expectations only to a moderate degree. Several implications were noted for the use of occupational taxonomies in the generalization of research findings on one occupational group to other occupational groups in the same classification. 相似文献
56.
Cullen Claire Barnes-Holmes Dermot Barnes-Holmes Yvonne Stewart Ian 《The Psychological record》2009,59(4):591-620
The Psychological Record - The current study examined the malleability of implicit attitudes using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). In Experiment 1, “similar” and... 相似文献
57.
Melissa R. Witkow Nicolette P. Rickert Laura E. Cullen 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2017,178(2):119-132
Research on adolescent best friendships typically focuses on school-based friendships, ignoring important differences between classroom-based and out-of-school friendships. With data from 156 ninth-grade students, many of whom named more than 1 best friend across the 14-day period, the authors examined associations between the daily school context of one's best friendship and adjustment. Benefits of in-grade best friendships were found in academic engagement when a composite was assessed across the 2-week period. Daily findings were more complex and were different between weekends and school days. Out-of-grade best friends were named more frequently on weekends, and on weekend days in which they named an out-of-school best friend participants spent more time with that friend but felt like less of a good student. Implications for our understanding of friendship context and for the measurement of friendship itself are discussed. 相似文献
58.
59.
Abstract Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a disorder of uncertain aetiology which attracts increasing research interest. This paper describes the development of a multidimensional measure incorporating the diverse symptoms associated with the illness. The Profile of Fatigue-Related Symptoms (PFRS) has four scales: emotional distress, cognitive difficulty, fatigue and somatic symptoms. These showed good convergence with comparison measures, high reliability and high internal consistency. CFS patients had markedly elevated scores compared with a student comparison group, and these scores correlated with indices of illness severity. The PFRS is a short and easily administered measure which, it is suggested, may be used to assess patients in terms of the severity and pattern of their disorder, to relate subjective symptoms to immunological and other findings, to evaluate the effects of treatments, and to compare the symptomatology of CFS with that in other fatiguing illnesses. 相似文献
60.
We studied locus of control (LOC) in samples of obese and nonobese subjects. We administered Rotter's (1966) I-E Scale to 106 obese adults in outpatient treatment for obesity and to 99 nonobese controls. The obese subjects were significantly more internally oriented than the control group. These findings challenge currently held assumptions on the directionality of LOC in obese groups. The results contradict the consensus among researchers that obese individuals have an external LOC orientation. The finding that internal LOC is associated with the obese condition may be a useful predictor variable influencing obesity treatment, approaches, and outcome. 相似文献