The cross-cultural generalizability of Axis-II constructs: an evaluation of two personality disorder assessment instruments in the People's Republic of China

We examined the reliability, cross-instrument validity, and factor structure of Chinese adaptations of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ-4+; N = 1,926) and Personality Disorders Interview (PDI-IV; N = 525) in psychiatric patients. Comparisons with data from Western countries suggest that the psychometric properties of these two instruments are comparable across cultures. Low to modest agreement between the PDQ-4+ and PDI-IV was observed for both dimensional and categorical personality disorder evaluations. When the PDI-IV was used as the diagnostic standard, the PDQ-4+ showed higher sensitivity than specificity, and higher negative predictive power than positive predictive power. Factor analyses of both instruments replicated the four-factor structure O'Connor and Dyce (1998) found in Western samples. Results suggested that conceptions and measures of DSM-IV personality disorders are cross-culturally generalizable to Chinese psychiatric populations.     

社会印象:意识,还是无意识控制

通过两个实验分别考察了在自然判断和社会判断条件下社会印象受意识控制情况的不同特点.实验-采用2×2×2×2的混合设计,给被试提供不同声望、不同性别的人名(组内设计),考察了在再认判断和频度判断条件下(组内设计)被试性别特征(组间设计)对社会记忆的影响;实验二采用2×2×2×2的混合设计,给被试呈现不同性别的人名(组内设计),考察了新、旧人名(呈现与否,组内设计)在声望判断和影响力判断条件下(组内设计),被试性别特征(组间设计)对社会印象影响;同时,还探讨了信号检测论(SDT)方法对测量内隐社会印象的有效性.结果表明,在自然判断的任务条件下,被试的记忆出现了"名人优势效应";在社会判断的任务条件下,被试的辨别力非参数指标A'没有表现出显著的差异,而其判断标准B则在被试性别、判断类型上表现出了差异.     

影响中学生自我价值感形成的诸因素研究

本研究采用<青少年学生自我价值感量表>对重点中学一所、普通中学一所和职业中学一所共774名学生进行调查,问卷的表头加入年级、学习成绩、家庭经济、居住环境等10多项需要了解的学生生活环境类型,测验结果发现学习和年级因素对价值感影响最大,作用非常显著,在初二和高三年级,价值感发展最快.学习成绩越好,价值感越高.其次是家庭居住环境、家庭经济状况、父母职业、家庭结构等因素.家庭居住环境是学校居住区最有利于学生价值感的发展,家庭经济状况是经济一般的学生价值感最好,其次是富裕家庭的,贫困的最差.父母职业是教师最高,其次是军人、干部、医生等.家庭结构是健全的发展最好,其次是离异的,再次是分居的,最差的是死亡的.     

脑复康、石杉碱甲、绞股蓝、豆腐果甙和樟柳碱对动物旷场行为的影响

脑复康、石杉碱甲、绞股蓝、豆腐果甙和樟柳碱都是近年来研制的新的中枢神经药物。除脑复康以外,它们都是由我国的植物化学家首次从中草药中提取的新的生物碱或有效成分。本文报道了脑复康、石杉碱甲、绞股蓝、豆腐果甙和樟柳碱对动物旷场行为的影响。结果表明,脑复康、石杉碱甲、绞股蓝和豆腐果甙对动物的旷场行为产生明显的抑制反应,而樟柳碱则使动物的旷场行为引起兴奋反应。     

运动视觉的奇次倍频现象

当刺激图形为高速运动的方波光栅时,可观测到一种新的奇次谐波现象。当被试光栅为某些临界时间频率时,奇次谐波光栅静止不动,稍微偏离这些临界值,谐波光栅开始运动,其表现运动方向,或者与被试光栅相同,或者相反,这取决于被试光栅的时间频率高于或低于临界频率。本文使用视觉时空采样假设和付氏分析,初步解释了这一现象。     

Cascade effects on the irradiation stability of amorphous SiOC

We studied the heavy ion radiation tolerance of amorphous silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) alloys by in situ Kr ion irradiation within a transmission electron microscopy. The amorphous SiOC thin films were grown via co-sputtering from SiO₂ and SiC targets on a surface-oxidized Si (100) substrate. These films were irradiated by 1 MeV Kr ions at both room temperature and 300 °C with damage levels up to 5 displacements per atom (dpa). TEM characterization shows no sign of crystallization, void formation or segregation in all irradiated samples. Our findings suggest that SiOC alloys are a class of promising radiation tolerant materials.     

港口门机事故驾驶员与非事故驾驶员身心素质比较

采用ＹＧ人格测验量表、团体智力筛选测验量表、复杂划消测验、双手调节器及深度知觉仪对港口门机事故驾驶员和非事故驾驶员所进行的研究表明：两组门机驾驶员在１２项人格特征以及智力、选择反应能力上未显示出显著性差异;事故组门机驾驶员双手协调及注意分配能力和深度知觉能力明显低于非事故组门机驾驶员;技能水平与事故之间存在显著的正相关．     

窗口形状对视觉局域运动知觉的影响

根据人类视觉运动中小孔问题(Aperture Problem)的观点,如果通过小孔观察一个运动的光栅,那么人类视觉系统能够检测的唯一运动只有光栅的法向运动分量。本文设计了一系列不同形状的窗口,研究窗口内视觉系统的局域运动知觉。研究结果表明,窗口内视觉系统的局域运动知觉,包括主观运动方向和速度大小,取决于窗口的形状及光栅的朝向。传统的小孔问题的观点显然是片面的。     

Vertical vs horizontal bullying: A need of socio‐interactive ethical trainings at workplace

Bullying at workplaces is a growing problem associated with several antecedents and outcomes of psychological disorders. Extant literature shows the relationship of victimization with the owning‐up curriculum to confront bullying, but so far there is little research to cure the issue of bullying through ethics and there is no study to check the impact of ethical lessons and exercises in training materials to curb bullying at workplace. The current paper is based on a literature review of aggression and bullying, and chiefly addresses the HR practices in rescuing the people from peer victimization. Conceptually segregating supervisor‐subordinate (vertical) and peer‐peer (horizontal) bullying psychology, this paper attempts to see what possible corrective steps can be taken by senior managers, supervisors and psychologists to resolve this critical problem through interior capacities. In this paper, we have developed three propositions for conducting a future empirical investigation in connection to a cohort study. By addressing the counterproductive/deviant behavior, the present report is likely to be beneficial for psychology scientists and HR practitioners in noticing and resolving the bullying issues at the workplace for the well‐being of employees.     

Children's Ideas About What Can Really Happen: The Impact of Age and Religious Background

Five- to 11-year-old U.S. children, from either a religious or secular background, judged whether story events could really happen. There were four different types of stories: magical stories violating ordinary causal regularities; religious stories also violating ordinary causal regularities but via a divine agent; unusual stories not violating ordinary causal regularities but with an improbable event; and realistic stories not violating ordinary causal regularities and with no improbable event. Overall, children were less likely to judge that religious and magical stories could really happen than unusual and realistic stories although religious children were more likely than secular children to judge that religious stories could really happen. Irrespective of background, children frequently invoked causal regularities in justifying their judgments. Thus, in justifying their conclusion that a story could really happen, children often invoked a causal regularity, whereas in justifying their conclusion that a story could not really happen, they often pointed to the violation of causal regularity. Overall, the findings show that children appraise the likelihood of story events actually happening in light of their beliefs about causal regularities. A religious upbringing does not impact the frequency with which children invoke causal regularities in judging what can happen, even if it does impact the type of causal factors that children endorse.