Synchrony effects in automatic and controlled retrieval

Using a speeded retrieval procedure, we investigated time-of-day effects in automatic and controlled retrieval. Morning-type adults were tested at either peak (early morning) or off-peak (late afternoon) times on a speeded implicit (Experiment 1) or explicit (Experiment 2) stem completion task. In Experiment 1, retrieval strategies were identified by changes in response speed between a practice phase with rapid retrieval and an implicit memory test phase. Performance based on controlled retrieval (shown by slowdown participants) showed more priming at peak than at off-peak times of day, a finding confirmed in Experiment 2, in which the participants were given intentional retrieval instructions when the materials switched. In contrast, performance based on automatic retrieval (shown by nonslowdown participants) did not differ across peak and off-peak times. The finding suggests a robust synchrony effect in controlled retrieval, but not in automatic retrieval, which does not appear to vary across the day.     

阅读理解中的预期推理

从工作记忆能力的个体差异的角度,探讨阅读描述日常生活事件的段落时预期推理过程的资源分配特点,及其与阅读焦点转移的关系。结果表明,（１）预期推理可以维持较长时间。（２）工作记忆能力强的被试进行预期推理的范围较广;而工作记忆能力较弱的被试推理范围较小。（３）工作记忆能力较弱者对每一个项目的激活量较大。（４）对于非常熟悉的事件,预期推理不受焦点转移的影响。     

Brain potentials elicited by matching global and occluded 3-dimensional contours

Subjects were instructed to match 3-dimensional forms while event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to explore the relationship between visual completion and conflict processing. Sequentially presented paired stimuli (S1 and S2) were identical in condition I, while in condition II the images were of the same contour, but S2 contained an invisible portion, and in condition III S1 and S2 were of different contours. Subjects indicated if stimuli were physically identical or contour similar in two separate sessions. Following the onset of S2, ERP components P100, N150, and LPC were recorded in all conditions. N150 was enhanced in condition II in both sessions, and N270 was elicited in conditions II and III. N150 is related to visual completion, while N270 is related to the evaluation of information discrepancy, belonging to independent systems.     

中国哲学的意义之维与方法选择

试图抛开"中国是否有哲学"的本根性追问与"中国哲学是否合法"的语境性设问,也暂时搁置"中国哲学如何建构"的宏大叙事理路,是因为我们必须回到我们依然"在场"的真实内心,必须面对摆在我们面前的"事实与问题",那就是"中国哲学意义维度为何"以及用何种方法使之恰切地呈现。当下的"中国哲学",有三种连续性的意义:一是奠基性的中国古代哲学(也许说"思想"更理想),其意义自在于经典文本与传统中,它的本真呈现应运用经典解释学方法;一是生成性的中国近代哲学,其意义他在于与西方哲学比较中,它的确当表达应运用哲学解释学方法;一是展示性的中国当代哲学,其意义自为于激越当下的生活世界中,它的理性提升应运用现象解释学方法。     

从新教伦理再看传统佛教伦理的现代困境

大约100年前,中国的佛教改革家太虚和德国的社会学家马克斯·韦伯相继注意到了佛教和基督教两者与社会经济之间的亲疏关系,并对此予以了研究,但由于条件所限,研究工作均未能深入.之后近百年,东西方许多有识之士对造成佛教、佛教徒和佛教国家在适应资本主义经济生产方式方面长期落后的原因进行了探讨,这种探讨在现代社会尤其受人关注.本文通过对佛教和基督教信仰模式的对比,对形成二教经济差距的原因进行了尝试性的研究分析.     

孔孟德性思想及其现代价值

孔孟思想是典型的德性伦理思想,孔孟德性思想是一个以"仁"为核心,主要包括恭、宽、信、敏、惠和仁、义、礼、智、信等德目的思想体系,其内容广泛,涉及人类社会生活的各个领域,对中国几千年的思想文化产生了深远影响。当今社会,在经济飞速发展、社会生活发生巨大变化的背景下,孔孟德性思想是现代社会融洽人际关系、建立良好社会秩序的思想基础,是提升个体生命质量、应对现代社会挑战的自律武器,是增强民族凝聚力、博大民族情怀的心理根基。     

声旁与笔画省略方式对形声字识别的影响

本研究通过两个实验,考察笔画省略方式和声旁对形声字识别的影响。实验一采用命名任务考察了声旁和三种笔画省略方式（省前、略后、不省）对左右结构形声字识别的影响。结果表明存在笔画顺序效应和声旁位置效应,并发现略后的笔画中有声旁,笔画顺序效应会消失。这说明声旁的作用抵消了笔画顺序效应,体现了声旁在形声字识别中的重要作用;实验二在实验一的基础上,采用上下结构的形声字,实验结果表现出了相同的趋势,且更加显著。     

Prevalence and associated factors of poly‐victimization in Chinese adolescents

Multiple types of victimization or poly‐victimization (PV) can occur simultaneously during childhood, resulting in outcomes that are detrimental and difficult to reverse. Very few studies have focused on PV in Chinese adolescents. The present study is based on information collected from a stratified cluster sample of 1,561 females and 1,594 males aged 12–18 years living in Shandong Province, China. A self‐administered questionnaire was used to assess background information, the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire was used to measure the extent of victimization and PV, the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders was used to measure anxiety levels, and a Depression Self‐rating Scale for Children was used to ascertain depression. A majority of the study sample (66.2%) had experienced at least one form of victimization over the past year. Prevalence of PV was 16.9%, and was significantly higher among males (21.1%) than females (12.5%). Younger ages, one‐child families, and lower socioeconomic status were positively associated with PV. Logistic regression analysis indicated that smoking, alcohol consumption, exposure to pornography, and anxiety‐ and depression‐like symptoms were risk factors of PV. Results of this study highlight the need for further exploration of factors related to the PV of Chinese adolescents.     

Minority goals for interaction with the majority: Seeking distance from the majority and the effect of rejection on identification

Four studies investigated the conditions under which minority group members respond to group‐based discrimination with increased identification with their group. We propose that minorities' interaction goals should serve as a moderator: seeking distance from the majority might keep minority identification alive in the face of perceived discrimination. These predictions were tested correlationally in Study 1 among Chinese immigrants in Australia (sample 1a) and children of rural migrant workers in a Chinese city (sample 1b). In Studies 2 and 3, perceived discrimination was manipulated among Romanian immigrants in France and Polish immigrants in Scotland. In Study 4, both minority goals and perceived discrimination were manipulated among a sample of international students in Australia. Results showed that only for those who were inclined to seek distance from the majority, minority group identification increased when discrimination was high compared with low. Discussion focuses on the way that seeking distance might be an important strategy for coping with discrimination. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.