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131.
This research examined whether mothers' expectations about their children's drinking behavior influenced their children's future alcohol use through self-fulfilling prophecies. It also investigated whether children's self-esteem, family social class, or the valence of mother expectations moderated this process. Analyses of longitudinal data from 505 mother-child dyads yielded results consistent with a self-fulfilling prophecy. The inaccurate portion of mother expectations predicted children's future alcohol use after accounting for relevant control variables. Moderation analyses indicated that this effect was stronger among higher self-esteem children and when mother expectations were positively valenced (i.e., when mothers underestimated their children's future alcohol use). The findings are discussed in terms of parent-child relationship quality, peer influences, self theories, and out-group stereotypes.  相似文献   
132.
The relational-interdependent self-construal and relationships   总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10  
Three studies describe the development and validation of a measure of the relational-interdependent self-construal, which is defined as the tendency to think of oneself in terms of relationships with close others. Study 1 reports the development, psychometric properties, and tests of validity of this new measure. Individuals who scored high on the Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal (RISC) Scale characterized their important relationships as closer and more committed than did individuals who scored low on this measure (Study 1) and were more likely to take into account the needs and wishes of others when making decisions (Study 2). In Study 3, using a dyadic interaction paradigm with previously unacquainted participants, the partners of persons who scored high on the RISC scale viewed them as open and responsive to their needs and concerns; these perceptions were related to positive evaluations of the relationship.  相似文献   
133.
In this article, we review research in psychology and other related social science fields that has adopted an honor framework to examine intrapersonal, interpersonal, and intergroup processes taking a culture-comparative or individual differences approach. In the sections below, we will first review research on the role of honor in interpersonal processes focusing primarily on interpersonal aggression including in close relationships, non-aggressive ways of responding to threats (e.g., forgiveness), and reciprocity. Next, we move onto reviewing research on the role of honor in intrapersonal processes, specifically in the domains of emotional responses to honor-threatening situations, mental, and physical health. Finally, we review research emerging from social and political psychology and political science that have utilized the honor framework to understand and explain group processes and intergroup relations at different level of analyses (e.g., social groups, nations). Given the limited space, our goal was to emphasize major and emerging areas of research on honor and provide food for thought for future research.  相似文献   
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135.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of restricting jaw movement with a bite-block on the voice reaction times (VRT) of adult stutterers and normal speakers. Ten stutterers and ten normal speakers initiated the sound // as rapidly as possible in response to 1 KHz cues in a nonbite-block and bite-block condition. In the nonbite-block condition all responses were initiated from a mandibular “closed” position. In the bite-block condition the jaw was fixed in a position approximating average jaw displacement for production of // in a VRT task. Results showed the group mean VRTs for the stutterers were significantly longer than for the normal speakers in both experimental conditions. Group mean VRTs were also significantly faster in the bite-block than the nonbite-block condition for both groups. Investigation of individual subject data, however, revealed that unlike the normal speakers, a subgroup of stutterers exhibited atypically long reaction times and an increase in VRTs with the jaw fixed. The possible role of neurophysiological interactions between articulatory and laryngeal behavior in stuttering is discussed.  相似文献   
136.
Simple software techniques for the digital analysis of impedance cardiography data are described. The software digitizes simultaneous impedance and ECG signals, averages these signals over time on a beat-by-beat basis, processes the averaged signals to locate relevant features, and computes heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output for the averaged period. The source and executable code, written in Pascal for a PDP-11 with standard peripheral addressing and a VT125 graphics terminal, is available from the authors.  相似文献   
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138.
This experiment tested alternative explanations of list method directed forgetting effects. Two word lists were studied by 135 subjects. Between lists, subjects were instructed to remember both lists (remember group), remember both lists as well as in which list words were studied (segregate group), or to forget the first list and remember the second (forget group). All subjects took both recall and recognition tests with test order varied between subjects. Among subjects who took the recall test first, the forget group showed a directed forgetting effect (poorer performance on List 1 than List 2) with both recall accuracy, recall typing time, and recognition reaction time measures. Contextual segregation of List 1 words by forget subjects was ruled out as a sufficient cause of the effect. Limited support was obtained for a differential rehearsal explanation of the effect. Within-group comparisons and findings of release from directed forgetting support inhibitory processes as the major cause of the directed forgetting effect.  相似文献   
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140.
The responses of Black and White subjects to the California Psychological Inventory items were compared. On the average, 34% in each of the 18 scales showed significant differences. Approximately two-thirds of the significant items for the males were also significant for the females. Blacks responded in the keyed direction for over 23% of the items. The results of this study were consistent with the results of previous studies. The implications of the results of this research are discussed. It is suggested that future development of tests of this nature carefully consider the socio-cultural factors that might contribute to differential responses to test items on objective personality tests as assessment devices. Scores obtained by Blacks on the CPI should be interpreted against the background of the results of this study.  相似文献   
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