The role of personality in exposure and reactivity to interpersonal stress in relation to arthritis disease activity and negative affect in women.

The role of personality in the stress process was examined in older women with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and in healthy controls (HCs). Reactivity was examined in relation to arthritis disease activity and negative affect. Interpersonal sensitivity and neuroticism were measured in questionnaires, and interpersonal stress, negative affect, and disease activity were assessed weekly for 12 weeks. Interpersonal sensitivity was defined as an excessive sensitivity to the behavior and feelings of others. Regarding exposure, neuroticism was related to interpersonal stress for all groups. Regarding reactivity, interpersonal sensitivity interacted with interpersonal stress to predicted elevations in negative affect in all groups and elevations in disease activity in the arthritis groups. There were no significant differences in the effects.     

Health Downturns and Predictors of Suicidal Ideation: An Application of the Baumeister Model

Suicidal thoughts and attempts have been studied from a number of perspectives, but only recently has an attempt been made to incorporate many different psychological perspectives into one framework. Baumeister (1990) has integrated personality and social psychological perspectives into one sequential model, moving from instigating events to a final stage of suicidal thoughts. Employing a sample of older adult subjects undergoing the stresses of a recent health downturn, this study tested a four-stage model of suicidal ideation based on many of the components proposed by Baumeister. Structural equation modeling achieved a good fit to the data. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of including life events, particularly poor health, and cognitive variables such as confusions in thinking, in understanding suicidal ideation.     

SOME LIKE IT HOT: CONSCIOUSNESS AND HIGHER-ORDER THOUGHTS

Philosophical Studies -     

The Influence of Religion and Ethnicity on Family Planning Approval: A Case for Women in Rural Western Kenya

The role of sociocultural factors such as religion and ethnicity in aiding or hampering family planning (FP) uptake in rural Western Kenya, a region with persistently high fertility rates, is not well established. We explored whether attitudes towards FP can be attributed to religious affiliation and/or ethnicity among women in the region. Findings show that religion and ethnicity have no impact; the most significant factors are level of education and knowledge about the benefits of FP for the mother. FP interventions ought to include strategies aimed at enhancing women’s knowledge about the positive impacts of family planning.     

Diversity and Community Can Coexist

We examine the (in)compatibility of diversity and sense of community by means of agent‐based models based on the well‐known Schelling model of residential segregation and Axelrod model of cultural dissemination. We find that diversity and highly clustered social networks, on the assumptions of social tie formation based on spatial proximity and homophily, are incompatible when agent features are immutable, and this holds even for multiple independent features. We include both mutable and immutable features into a model that integrates Schelling and Axelrod models, and we find that even for multiple independent features, diversity and highly clustered social networks can be incompatible on the assumptions of social tie formation based on spatial proximity and homophily. However, this incompatibility breaks down when cultural diversity can be sufficiently large, at which point diversity and clustering need not be negatively correlated. This implies that segregation based on immutable characteristics such as race can possibly be overcome by sufficient similarity on mutable characteristics based on culture, which are subject to a process of social influence, provided a sufficiently large “scope of cultural possibilities” exists.