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451.
Martin E. Maier Cristina Scarpazza Francesca Starita Roberto Filogamo Elisabetta Làdavas 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2016,16(6):1050-1062
Detecting behavioral errors is critical for optimizing performance. Here, we tested whether error monitoring is enhanced in emotional task contexts, and whether this enhancement depends on processing internal affective states. Event-related potentials were recorded in individuals with low and high levels of alexithymia—that is, individuals with difficulties identifying and describing their feelings. We administered a face word Stroop paradigm (Egner, Etkin, Gale, & Hirsch, 2008) in which the task was to classify emotional faces either with respect to their expression (happy or fearful; emotional task set) or with respect to their gender (female or male; neutral task set). The error-related negativity, a marker of rapid error monitoring, was enhanced in individuals with low alexithymia when they adopted the emotional task set. By contrast, individuals with high alexithymia did not show such an enhancement. Moreover, in the high-alexithymia group, the difference in the error-related negativities between the emotional and neutral task sets correlated negatively with difficulties identifying their own feelings, as measured by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. These results show that error-monitoring activity is stronger in emotional task contexts and that this enhancement depends on processing internal affective states. 相似文献
452.
Louis Renoult Leia Kopp Patrick S. R. Davidson Vanessa Taler Cristina M. Atance 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2016,69(2):299-309
It has been argued that adults underestimate the extent to which their preferences will change over time. We sought to determine whether such mispredictions are the result of a difficulty imagining that one's own current and future preferences may differ or whether it also characterizes our predictions about the future preferences of others. We used a perspective-taking task in which we asked young people how much they liked stereotypically young-person items (e.g., Top 40 music, adventure vacations) and stereotypically old-person items (e.g., jazz, playing bridge) now, and how much they would like them in the distant future (i.e., when they are 70 years old). Participants also made these same predictions for a generic same-age, same-sex peer. In a third condition, participants predicted how much a generic older (i.e., age 70) same-sex adult would like items from both categories today. Participants predicted less change between their own current and future preferences than between the current and future preferences of a peer. However, participants estimated that, compared to a current older adult today, their peer would like stereotypically young items more in the future and stereotypically old items less. The fact that peers’ distant-future estimated preferences were different from the ones they made for “current” older adults suggests that even though underestimation of change of preferences over time is attenuated when thinking about others, a bias still exists. 相似文献
453.
454.
Joseph D. Hovey Ph.D. Rebecca S. Rojas Craig Kain Cristina Magana 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2000,19(3):159-174
The purposes of this study were to examine socio-demographic predictors of attitudes toward immigration in a community-based
sample (N = 494) from the Los Angeles area; and to explore the relationship between attitudes toward immigration and the providing
of educational and health services to the children of undocumented immigrants. Not providing services to the children of undocumented
immigrants was a key element of California's Proposition 187. Attitudes toward immigration were measured with the Attitudes
Toward Immigration Scale (ATIS). The providing of services was measured through the participants' evaluations of a school
scenario and a health care scenario. Results indicated that participants who were middle-aged or older, less educated, identified
as Republican, and were third generation or greater were more likely to hold negative attitudes toward immigration. Furthermore,
participants holding negative attitudes toward immigration were less likely to provide education and health care services
to the children of undocumented immigrants. 相似文献
455.
Cristina Allemann-Ghionda 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2000,19(1-2):53-67
After the end of the Second World War, Italy was the first Axis country (followed by Germany and Japan), to undergo a process
of “reeducation” by the allied troops, focusing initially on the education system. Under the direction of American scholars
and school innovators, school syllabi and textbooks were rewritten in order to replace the ideological indoctrination exerted
by the Fascist regime from 1923 to 1943 with democratic ideas. This article reconstructs different phases of the influence
of John Dewey’s progressive education in Italy. This influence was predominant in policy and experimental schools, as well
as in educational theory in the period immediately following the War, but it was almost eliminated from policy documents in
a restorative backlash of the Cold War. From the sixties on however, Dewey’s pedagogical thinking, which never lost ground
within the liberal, laicist and Marxist circles, gradually and selectively regained influence in policies and reforms. 相似文献
456.
Cristina M. Sorrentino 《Developmental science》2001,4(4):399-407
Adults represent proper names (e.g. ‘Katharine Hepburn’) as referring to unique individuals (i.e. Katharine Hepburn), and studies of children’s proper name learning have been taken to show that children represent proper names in like manner. However, almost all of these studies leave open the possibility that children represent proper names as referring to restricted kinds of highly similar animals. We provide direct evidence against this possibility: both adults and 3‐year‐old children presented with a novel word for a toy animal (e.g. ‘daxy’) assumed that the animal continued to be referred to with the word, despite a change in the animal’s appearance and location, and despite the introduction at the old location of an animal identical in appearance to the original animal at the time the word was introduced. Participants presented with a simple artifact (e.g. a bottle) did not interpret the word as a proper name, consistent with previous work. 相似文献
457.
Cristina Meinecke 《Psychological research》1989,51(3):107-116
Summary It is known that the detectability of a target depends on its similarity to the individual context elements. This article attempts to show that global properties of the context can also influence detection performance. For example, the detection of an O among several Hs appears to be easier than the detection of an H among several Os, because the context consists of elements that are more angular. However, this angular-context advantage is most apparent when the stimulus projection falls on extrafoveal areas of the retina. The results of two stimulus manipulations suggest that the decreasing ability of the visual system with increasing eccentricity could be responsible for this relationship. Increasing the distance between the single elements, and thus reducing the effect of lateral inhibition, led to a deterioration in performance; and by defocusing the stimulus presentation it was possible to achieve an improvement in performance. 相似文献
458.
Cristina Bicchieri 《Erkenntnis》1989,30(1-2):69-85
459.
M. Cristina Benedetto Robert D. Kerns Roberta Rosenberg Matthew M. Burg Katherine Westgate 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》1998,5(4):441-447
This paper reports the findings of a behavioral health risk screening form and examines the interrelationships among behavioral risk factors and health care utilization. Participants were 1,000 veterans who completed a brief self-report questionnaire assessing affective distress and behavioral health risk factors while they waited to see their primary care provider. Participants reported a mean level of affective distress in the mild range on a scale of 0 to 20 (M = 6.4, SD = 4.95), and 22.4% reported moderate or high levels of affective distress. Fifty percent of the sample denied alcohol use; 5% of the men and none of the women reported a pattern of use that met established criteria for at-risk drinking. Twenty-six percent of the sample reported current tobacco use, 45% acknowledged concerns about diet and/or weight, and 54% reported concern about pain. These factors were largely significantly intercorrelated and several were related to indices of health care utilization. It was concluded that veterans receiving health care in primary care settings report significant levels of affective distress and other health risk behaviors and that the presence of these factors is associated with increased use of the health care system. These data encourage increased efforts to identify these factors and to develop behavior change interventions. 相似文献
460.