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201.
Ana I. F. Pereira Cristina Canavarro Margarida F. Cardoso Denisa Mendonça 《Journal of child and family studies》2009,18(4):454-464
The majority of studies investigating the effects of parental behaviour on the child’s adjustment have a dimensional approach.
We identified the existence of various patterns in parental rearing styles and analysed the relationship between different
parenting patterns and behavioural problems in a group of school-aged children. A longitudinal, multi-informant study was
conducted. The sample consisted of 519 school-aged children from the Portuguese general population. Parental rearing styles
were measured using the EMBU-C, a questionnaire that evaluates children’s perception of parental rearing dimensions. The assessment
of child behavioural problems included the evaluation of internalizing and externalizing problems, and data from multiple
reporters (parents and teacher). One year later, after a school transition, the adjustment of a sub-sample of 220 children
was evaluated again. Cluster analysis identified four types of parental rearing styles: low support, supportive-controller,
rejecting-controller, and supportive. In both assessment periods, low support and rejecting-controller parenting patterns
showed higher levels of behavioural problems than the supportive and supportive-controller parenting patterns. These patterns
show significant differences between them regarding behavioural problems and have a higher predictive value regarding externalizing
problems (versus internalizing problems). 相似文献
202.
Gian Vittorio Caprara Michele Vecchione Cristina Capanna Minou Mebane 《European journal of social psychology》2009,39(6):1002-1020
Political efficacy is addressed within the framework of social cognitive theory and a new measure to assess perceived political self‐efficacy is presented. Three studies document the validity of the new scale of measurement. The first study (N = 1673) examined the psychometric properties of the scale in accordance with classical test theory. This led to the identification of a unidimensional factor structure, including perceived political self‐efficacy in promoting one's own political opinion, in sustaining the political programs of the party to which one belongs, and in monitoring one's own political representatives' commitment. The second study (N = 632) further confirmed the internal and construct validity of the scale; criterion validity was also investigated using several indicators of political interest and participation. The third study (N = 1176) showed that politicians holding offices have higher levels of perceived political self‐efficacy than partisans and voters, further corroborating the criterion validity of the scale. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
203.
The present experiment tested the hypothesis that unconscious reconstructive memory processing can lead to the breakdown of
the relationship between memory confidence and memory accuracy. Participants heard deceptive schema-inference sentences and
nondeceptive sentences and were tested with either simple or forced-choice recognition. The nondeceptive items showed a positive
relation between confidence and accuracy in both simple and forced-choice recognition. However, the deceptive items showed
a strong negative confidence/accuracy relationship in simple recognition and a low positive relationship in forced choice.
The mean levels of confidence for erroneous responses for deceptive items were inappropriately high in simple recognition
but lower in forced choice. These results suggest that unconscious reconstructive memory processes involved in memory for
the deceptive schema-inference items led to inaccurate confidence judgments and that, when participants were made aware of
the deceptive nature of the schema-inference items through the use of a forced-choice procedure, they adjusted their confidence
accordingly. 相似文献
204.
The Simon effect refers to the observation that responses to a relevant stimulus dimension are faster and more accurate when the stimulus
and response spatially correspond than when they do not, even though stimulus position is irrelevant. Recent findings have
suggested that the Simon effect can be strongly modulated by prior practice with a spatially incompatible mapping and by correspondence
sequence. Although practice is thought to influence conditional stimulus —response (S-R) processing, leaving response priming
through the unconditional route unaffected, sequential effects are thought to represent trial-by-trial adaptations that selectively
involve unconditional S —R processing. In the present study, we tested this assumption by assessing the effects of correspondence
sequence both when the Simon task alone was performed and when it was preceded by a spatial compatibility task with either
incompatible (Experiments 1-2) or compatible (Experiment 2) instructions. The observation that practice and correspondence
sequence co-occur and exert additive effects strongly demonstrates that the two factors affect different processing routes. 相似文献
205.
Disjunctive inferences are difficult. According to the theory of mental models, it is because of the alternative possibilities to which disjunctions refer. Three experiments corroborated further predictions of the mental model theory. Participants judged that disjunctions, such as Either this year is a leap year or it is a common year are true. Given a disjunction such as Either A or B, they tended to evaluate the four cases in its ‘partition’: A and B, A and not‐B, not‐A and B, not‐A and not‐B, as ‘possible’ or ‘impossible’ in ways that bore out the difference between inclusive disjunctions (‘or both’) and exclusive disjunctions (‘but not both’). Knowledge usually concerns what is true, and so when participants judge that a disjunction is false, or contingent, and evaluate the cases in its partition, they depend on inferences that yield predictable errors. They tended to judge that disjunctions, such as follows: Either the food is cold or else it is tepid, but not both, are true, though in fact they could be false. They tended to infer ‘mirror‐image’ evaluations that yield the same possibilities for false disjunctions as those for true disjunctions. The article considers the implications of these results for alternative theories based on classical logic or on the probability calculus. 相似文献
206.
207.
Studies of the effects of retinal eccentricity on the visual segmentation of textures are presented. The textures used in these studies were composed of angle elements. These were presented tachistoscopically to college students in three different experiments. Results showed that there were different relationships between segmentation performance and eccentricity, depending on the width of the angles used in the background and target texture. One major difference was that peak performance was found in the fovea in some conditions, and in peripheral areas in other conditions. Performance in the fovea and the periphery seemed to be determined by qualitatively different features. It was assumed that an appropriate explanation is that the system-internal representation of a specific stimulus within the early visual system differs as a function of the retinal location at which it is projected. Thus, the critical features discriminating between target and background texture have to be sought in the system-internal representation of the stimulus instead of in the stimulus itself. The data show that a relatively exact system-internal representation of the stimulus is present in the fovea, where performance is determined by angle width. In the periphery, in contrast, angles seem to be represented as “blobs,” and performance is determined by the orientation of the blobs’ main axes. 相似文献
208.
Isabel Caro Carolina Ballestar Cristina Alarcoan 《Counselling psychology quarterly》1991,4(2-3):207-219
The main aim of this paper is to introduce the techniques used in cognitive therapy of evaluation. The Cognitive therapy of evaluation is being developed from the theoretical background of general semantics theory and it is a therapy based on language as an instrument of cognitive processes, and on the role it plays, through word-facts identification, in the development and treatment of emotional problems. The main techniques developed (abstraction orders and the extensional devices) and other therapeutic issues are introduced and explained. 相似文献
209.
Cristina Bicchieri 《Synthese》1988,76(1):135-169
The difficulty of defining rational behavior in game situations is that the players' strategies will depend on their expectations about other players' strategies. These expectations are beliefs the players come to the game with. Game theorists assume these beliefs to be rational in the very special sense of beingobjectively correct but no explanation is offered of the mechanism generating this property of the belief system. In many interesting cases, however, such a rationality requirement is not enough to guarantee that an equilibrium will be attained. In particular, I analyze the case of multiple equilibria, since in this case there exists a whole set of rational beliefs, so that no player can ever be certain that the others believe he has certain beliefs. In this case it becomes necessary to explicitly model the process of belief formation. This model attributes to the players a theory of counterfactuals which they use in restricting the set of possible equilibria. If it were possible to attribute to the players the same theory of counterfactuals, then the players' beliefs would eventually converge.I wish to thank Michael Bacharach, In-Koo Cho, William Harper, Aanund Hylland, Isaac Levi, Wolfgang Spohn, Tommy Tan and two anonymous referees for many useful comments and suggestions. Financial support from National Science Foundation grant SES 87-10209 is gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
210.
The success of many mnemonic techniques, such as the method of loci, is based on the use of specific well-known anchors, which are mentally combined with to-be-learned items and subsequently facilitate their retrieval. In our studies we intended to answer the question of whether the repeated application of the method of loci may result in proactive interference effects, as might be expected due to the applied association of items with the same loci each time the method is used. To this end, we manipulated list similarity in a typical proactive interference design and compared the method of loci with the link method and the rehearsal method, which do not involve the use of a specified set of anchors. Our results replicate those from other studies, which have shown that the use of a mnemonic technique leads to superior recall of list items compared to a simple rehearsal strategy. We were further able to show that the repeated learning of items from different categories results in moderate practice effects over three list-learning trials, whereas this effect is superimposed by an effect of proactive interference if different lists are composed of items from the same category. However, this effect of proactive interference was not increased for the method of loci, and we discuss this finding with regard to its practical implications. 相似文献