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531.
Kinsella-Shaw JM Harrison SJ Colon-Semenza C Turvey MT 《Journal of motor behavior》2006,38(4):251-264
The authors manipulated the circumstances in which individuals are typically embedded when standing upright by manipulating the intensity of light and the stationary structure of the environment. They expected that the manipulations would affect 12 older participants (aged 65-82 years) more than it would 12 younger participants (aged 22-24 years). Linear (e.g., total path length) and nonlinear (e.g., maximum line length of recurrent points in phase space) measures of the center of pressure time series confirmed that expectation. Moreover, for some measures, there was a suggestion that participants' visual contrast sensitivity (an index of neurophysiological age) was a more important contributing factor overall than was their chronological age. In the Discussion, the authors highlight the significance of interactive effects of environmental, organismic, and task constraints on quiet standing. 相似文献
532.
Italian dyslexic children are characterized by a pervasive reading speed deficit, with relatively preserved accuracy. This pattern has been associated with predominant use of the nonlexical reading procedure. However, there is no evidence of a deficit in the lexical route of Italian dyslexics. We investigated both lexical and nonlexical reading procedures in dyslexic children through two marker effects, namely, the word frequency effect and the effect of contextual grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules. Although dyslexics were slower and less accurate than controls, they were affected by word frequency, grapheme contextuality, and their interaction in a similar manner as average readers. These results show the use of lexical reading in Italian dyslexics, and refute the claim of a deficit in whole-word processing with consequent over-reliance on the nonlexical route. 相似文献
533.
Some concave volumes are perceived as compositions of joined objects. Joined objects are optically undetermined, being compatible with three possible solutions: an empty intersection volume bounded by two indented objects; an intersection volume entirely filled-in by parts of two indented objects; a totally convex object joined to an indented object (the solution preferred by most perceivers). Knowledge of material penetrability does not predict 3D amodal completion. To identify relevant factors we selected different compositions and ran a multiple-regression analysis of completion choices. After eliminating colour, we considered six spatial factors: relative position along the vertical, relative size, orientation, proximity to the observer, minimization of completed parts, support relationship. The first two factors played a major role. The comparison of choices by upright versus inverted observers indicated that relative position along the vertical depends more on gravitational than egocentric coordinates. In conclusion, when relative spatial position and relative size cooperate, amodal completion of intersecting solids generates strong effects, which can overcome logical expectations. 相似文献
534.
The ability to predict the likelihood of an aversive event is an important adaptive capacity. Certainty and uncertainty regarding pain cause different adaptive behavior, emotional states, attentional focus, and perceptual changes. Recent functional neuroimaging studies indicate that certain and uncertain expectation are mediated by different neural pathways-the former having been associated with activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and posterior cerebellum, the latter with activation changes in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, mid-cingulate cortex and hippocampus. Expectation plays an important role not only in its modulation of acute and chronic pain, but also in other disorders which are characterized by certain expectation (specific phobias) or uncertain expectation (generalized anxiety disorder) of aversive events. 相似文献
535.
Recent studies show that what connotes an object is first of all a certain spatio-temporal structure. In this paper we describe some of the temporal features characterizing the temporal structure of objects: pre-existence, persistence, conservation of identity in spite of perceptive discontinuity, surviving changes in colour, size, and shape. We argue that time is an indispensable attribute for every type of object and briefly discuss the implication of this view with respect to a specific neuropsychological syndrome: unilateral spatial neglect. 相似文献
536.
Italian is a language with a transparent orthography in which printed words can be translated into the correct sequence of
phonemes using a limited set of rules. The rules of letter—sound conversion are, however, simpler for some letters than for
others: The pronunciations of sequences involving the lettersc andg are determined by complex (i.e., context-sensitive) rules that depend on the letters that follow them. In this article, we
report two experiments in which Italian participants read aloud words containing simple or complex letter—sound conversion
rules. In Experiment 1, we found that words containing complex rules were read more slowly than words containing simple, noncontextual
rules. In Experiment 2, we found that the effect of rule complexity on naming speed held for low-frequency words but not high-frequency
words. The results are interpreted in terms of a dual-route model in which rule complexity effects arise from sublexical procedures
that are more involved in reading low-frequency words than high-frequency words. The experimental material used in this study
may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献
537.
The study investigated children's intention understanding using a longitudinal design. Thirty-two Italian children were tested on the 'Demonstration of Intention' in the Re-enactment paradigm devised by Meltzoff (1995a), at two ages. Mean age was 12 months at the first session and 15 months at the second session. Previous research by Meltzoff showed that 18-month-olds are able to re-enact what the adult intended to do, when an adult tried but failed to perform certain target acts. Bellagamba and Tomasello (1999) found that, compared to 18-month-olds, 12-month-olds are less able to imitate unsuccessful goal-directed actions. The current study had two main goals. The first was to replicate earlier findings on intention understanding in 12- and 15-month-olds longitudinally assessed. The second goal was to analyse which actions children perform when not producing the target act. A coding scheme was devised to evaluate these non-target actions. Results confirmed previous findings, i.e. children's tendency to produce the target act was higher at an older age. At a younger age the most frequent response was 'undifferentiated manipulation' of target objects, followed by 'approximation to the target action'. Since children differed in their intention understanding performance at the first session, we decided to check whether these individual differences remained stable at the second session. Individual children with high intention understanding performance at 12 months tended to remain high at 15 months of age. 相似文献
538.
We describe three patients exhibiting an acute reversible amnesia characterised by an impaired recollection of past events with preserved anterograde memory, thus consistent with a focal retrograde amnesia (FRA). This occurred after variable events: state of fugue, road accident, post-traumatic headache. Retrograde amnesia affected autobiographical memory so severely as to cover all of the patients' lives and to erase knowledge of their own identity. The retrieval of public events was variably affected, ranging from normality to severe impairment. No lesions were found on neuroimaging, and neurophysiological findings were unimpressive. FRA subsided in a few days, leaving a gap for the onset. The hypothesis of a psychogenic amnesia is considered, but overcoming the organic/psychogenic dichotomy the episodes appear as examples of "functional" memory inhibition, potentially triggered by different conditions, including events classifiable as psychic trauma. The clinical and neuropsychological traits of functional FRA are discussed. According to a current theory of autobiographical memory, the memory profile may be explained by a lost access to abstract autobiographical knowledge. Given some analogies with the more common transient global amnesia, a mechanism of spreading depression may also be hypothesised for functional FRA. 相似文献
539.
As shown by neuroscientific evidence, neglect may occur without elementary sensorimotor impairments. The deficit is to be found at a higher, more abstract level of representation, which prevents the patient not only from seeing, but from conceiving the contralesional space. By analysing a series of neuropsychological results, in this paper we suggest a crucial role of time for the construction of a world: on this basis, we try to explain how it is possible that half the ontology gets lost. The analysis of the ontological implication of neglect will allow us to shed light on manifestations of the pathology apparently disconnected. 相似文献
540.
Berlese DB Sauzem PD Carati MC Guerra GP Stiegemeier JA Mello CF Rubin MA 《Neurobiology of learning and memory》2005,83(1):48-53
The polyamines, spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, are a group of aliphatic amines that may act as physiological modulators of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Although the modulatory role of polyamines in NMDA receptor function has long been known, the effects of polyamines on learning and memory only recently began to be unraveled. In the present study, we investigated the effect of bilateral infusions of spermidine (0.02-2 nmol), a polyamine agonist, into the CA1 region of the rat dorsal hippocampus on inhibitory avoidance learning 30 min pre-training, immediately post-training, 6 h post-training, or 10 min pre-test. Bilateral microinjections of 0.2 nmol spermidine prolonged step-down latencies compared to the respective control group when administered 30 min pre-training or immediately post-training. These results provide evidence that the modulatory effects of spermidine on the acquisition and/or early consolidation of memory of inhibitory avoidance tasks in the hippocampus occur within a limited time window. 相似文献