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301.
Alistair Rolls 《Sophia》2011,50(4):527-541
This paper demonstrates that L'étranger, Camus's famous novel about an outsider, had by as early as 1946 become just as much of an 'insider' in terms of its affiliation
to the Parisian literary tradition. More than an insider simply by virtue of its contemporary place in the French canon, then,
the novel is also intertextually bound to a tradition of oxymoronic poetics dating back to Charles Baudelaire's Paris Spleen (Les Petits poèmes en prose). I shall examine the way in which L'étranger performs its prose poetics, thereby establishing it as exemplary of a Parisian model of modernity. Additionally, the famous
scene on the beach will be considered as a liminal space and as a literary translation of Paris into the desert, which, once
a joke for Paris's relationship to provincial France, became after the Second World War a new allegory for the capital's self-alterity. 相似文献
302.
Igboin Ohihon Benson 《Sophia》2011,50(1):159-173
The notion of human rights is highly controversial and contested in modern scholarship. However, human rights have been defined
as ‘the rational basis… for a justified demand.’ What constitutes demand should be understood as that which is different from
favor or privilege but one's due, free from racial, religious, gender, political inclinations. But since rights are basic
due to the fact that they are necessary for the enjoyment of something else, we are poised to examine it from the pre-figurative,
configurative and post-figurative stages of development in Africa. This enterprise anchors on the belief in cosmotheandrisation
of human rights in Africa: cosmos ‘earth’, theos ‘God’ and anthropos ‘human’. These three levels of horizontal and vertical
relationship guarantee the respect for human rights in traditional Africa. Through this approach, this enterprise shows that
the positive approach to human rights is majorly declarative without corresponding pragmatic manifestation. 相似文献
303.
Matthew Carey Jordan 《Sophia》2011,50(1):39-55
In this paper, I argue that theists are extremely well-situated with respect to developing metaethical accounts that qualify
as ‘robust’ versions of moral realism. In the first part of the essay, a number of metaethical desiderata are identified.
In the second part, theistic strategies for accommodating those desiderata are explained and defended. The upshot is that,
contrary to the received philosophical wisdom, there are good theoretical reasons for theistic philosophers to seek to develop
metaethical accounts that ground moral facts in facts about God. 相似文献
304.
Jochen Apel 《Synthese》2011,182(1):23-38
In this paper I offer an appraisal of James Bogen and James Woodward’s distinction between data and phenomena which pursues
two objectives. First, I aim to clarify the notion of a scientific phenomenon. Such a clarification is required because despite
its intuitive plausibility it is not exactly clear how Bogen and Woodward’s distinction has to be understood. I reject one
common interpretation of the distinction, endorsed for example by James McAllister and Bruce Glymour, which identifies phenomena
with patterns in data sets. Furthermore, I point out that other interpretations of Bogen and Woodward’s distinction do not
specify the relationship between phenomena and theories in a satisfying manner. In order to avoid this problem I propose a
contextual understanding of scientific phenomena according to which phenomena are states of affairs which play specific roles
in scientific practice and to which we adopt a special epistemic attitude. Second, I evaluate the epistemological significance
of Bogen and Woodward’s distinction with respect to the debate between scientific realists and constructive empiricists. Contrary
to what Bogen and Woodward claim, I argue that the distinction does not provide a convincing argument against constructive
empiricism. 相似文献
305.
Benjamin C. Jantzen 《Synthese》2011,181(3):433-450
In a naïve realist approach to reading an ontology off the models of a physical theory, the invariance of a given theory under permutations of its property-bearing objects entails the existence of distinct possible worlds from amongst which the theory cannot choose. A brand of Ontic Structural Realism (OSR) attempts to avoid this consequence by denying that objects possess primitive identity, and thus worlds with property values permuted amongst those objects are really one and the same world. Assuming that any successful ontology of objects is able to describe a universe containing a determinate number of them, I argue that no version of OSR which both retains objects and understands ‘structure’ in terms of relations can be successful. This follows from the fact that no set of relational facts is sufficient to fix the cardinality of the collection of objects implied by those facts. More broadly, I offer reasons to believe that no version of OSR is compatible with the existence of objects, no matter how ontologically derivative they are taken to be. Any such account would have to attribute a definite cardinality to a collection of objects while denying that those objects are possessed of a primitive identity. With no compelling reason to abandon the classical conception of cardinality, such an attribution is incoherent. 相似文献
306.
Prasanta S. Bandyoapdhyay Davin Nelson Mark Greenwood Gordon Brittan Jesse Berwald 《Synthese》2011,181(2):185-208
There are three distinct questions associated with Simpson’s paradox. (i) Why or in what sense is Simpson’s paradox a paradox? (ii) What is the proper analysis of the paradox? (iii) How one should proceed when confronted with a typical case of the paradox? We propose a “formal” answer to the first two questions which, among other things, includes deductive proofs for important theorems regarding Simpson’s paradox. Our account contrasts sharply with Pearl’s causal (and questionable) account of the first two questions. We argue that the “how to proceed question?” does not have a unique response, and that it depends on the context of the problem. We evaluate an objection to our account by comparing ours with Blyth’s account of the paradox. Our research on the paradox suggests that the “how to proceed question” needs to be divorced from what makes Simpson’s paradox “paradoxical.” 相似文献
307.
Stathis Psillos 《Synthese》2011,181(1):23-40
The aim of this paper is to articulate, discuss in detail and criticise Reichenbach’s sophisticated and complex argument for
scientific realism. Reichenbach’s argument has two parts. The first part aims to show how there can be reasonable belief in
unobservable entities, though the truth of claims about them is not given directly in experience. The second part aims to
extent the argument of the first part to the case of realism about the external world, conceived of as a world of independently
existing entities distinct from sensations. It is argued that the success of the first part depends on a change of perspective,
where unobservable entities are viewed as projective complexes vis-à-vis their observable symptoms, or effects. It is also
argued that there is an essential difference between the two parts of the argument, which Reichenbach comes (somewhat reluctantly)
to accept. 相似文献
308.
James F. Woodward 《Synthese》2011,182(1):165-179
This paper provides a restatement and defense of the data/ phenomena distinction introduced by Jim Bogen and me several decades
ago (e.g., Bogen and Woodward, The Philosophical Review, 303–352, 1988). Additional motivation for the distinction is introduced,
ideas surrounding the distinction are clarified, and an attempt is made to respond to several criticisms. 相似文献
309.
We describe an ontology of philosophy that is designed to aid navigation through philosophical literature, including literature
in the form of encyclopedia articles and textbooks and in both printed and digital forms. The ontology is designed also to
serve integration and structuring of data pertaining to the philosophical literature, and in the long term also to support
reasoning about the provenance and contents of such literature, by providing a representation of the philosophical domain
that is oriented around what philosophical literature is about. 相似文献
310.
Brigitte Falkenburg 《Synthese》2011,182(1):149-163
Depending on different positions in the debate on scientific realism, there are various accounts of the phenomena of physics. For scientific realists like Bogen and Woodward, phenomena are matters
of fact in nature, i.e., the effects explained and predicted by physical theories. For empiricists like van Fraassen, the
phenomena of physics are the appearances observed or perceived by sensory experience. Constructivists, however, regard the
phenomena of physics as artificial structures generated by experimental and mathematical methods. My paper investigates the
historical background of these different meanings of “phenomenon” in the traditions of physics and philosophy. In particular,
I discuss Newton’s account of the phenomena and Bohr’s view of quantum phenomena, their relation to the philosophical discussion,
and to data and evidence in current particle physics and quantum optics. 相似文献