认知灵活性对非熟练双语者语言转换的影响--一项ERPs研究*

采用 WCST 筛选出高低认知灵活性的非熟练汉英双语者,分别使用图片命名和语义范畴判断任务考察认知灵活性对双语者语言转换的影响。结果发现：(1)高认知灵活性被试的双语转换代价是对称的,其N2成分的平均波幅和峰值显著大于低认知灵活性被试,低认知灵活性被试的转换代价是非对称的;(2)高认知灵活性被试在语言产生任务中, L2重复条件下N2的峰值显著大于L1重复条件,出现L2重复优势效应;(3)在语言理解任务中,高低认知灵活性被试在L1重复条件下的N2峰值显著大于L2重复条件,两组均出现了L1重复优势效应。研究表明,抑制控制能力在语言产生与理解的双语转换中起着重要的作用,语言转换代价源于心理词典的字词识别系统之外。     

青少年学业成绩不良、学业压力与意志控制的关系:一项交叉滞后研究

采用交叉滞后设计,使用学业成绩自我评定量表、青少年生活事件量表的学业分量表以及青少年早期气质量表的意志控制分量表对1263名青少年进行间隔两年的两次测查,考察青少年学业成绩不良、学业压力与意志控制的关系。潜变量交叉滞后分析发现,青少年的意志控制显著负向预测两年后的自我感知学业成绩不良,自我感知的学业成绩不良无法显著预测日后的意志控制;学业压力显著负向预测日后的意志控制,意志控制无法显著预测日后的学业压力。这些结果表明,青少年学业领域发展与自我调控能力发展间存在动态联系。     

童年晚期同伴关系不利与儿童的攻击行为:自我概念与同伴信念的中介作用

采用整群抽样法选取1806名小学儿童(平均年龄11.27±0.36岁)为被试,考察同伴拒绝、侵害两种同伴关系不利与儿童攻击行为间的关系、以及儿童的自我概念与同伴信念在其中的中介作用.结果发现,(1)同伴拒绝、侵害与儿童的身体攻击、关系攻击显著正相关,与儿童的自我概念、同伴信念显著负相关,自我概念、同伴信念与两类攻击显著相关.(2)同伴拒绝、关系侵害对身体攻击和关系攻击具有正向预测作用;身体侵害仅对身体攻击具有正向预测作用,对关系攻击无显著影响.(3)儿童的身体自我概念、社交自我概念及同伴信念在同伴拒绝、同伴侵害与攻击的联系中具有中介作用.本研究结果表明,同伴拒绝对儿童的身体攻击、关系攻击主要表现为直接效应,不同类型的侵害经历与儿童攻击间的联系存在类型特定性.     

非那雄胺与前列腺癌发病率及病理分级的Meta分析

应用Meta分析法对有关非那雄胺与前列腺癌发病率及病理分级关系的研究进行综合评价.符合标准的8篇文献进行Meta分析,计算比值比(OR),95%可信区间(95%C1).结果8篇文献,无异质性(Q=6.26,P=0.51),非那雄胺治疗组降低前列腺癌发病风险高于对照组,合并OR值为0.68(95%CI:0.65～0.71,Z=17.16,P=0.00).Egge:检验提示无发表偏倚(P=O.21).对前列腺癌病理分级进行分组,非那雄胺治疗组前高于对照组.合并OR值为2.16(95%CI:1.97～2.36,Z=16.93,P=0.00).非那雄胺治疗前列腺增生能降低前列腺癌的发病风险,也能使发生的前列腺癌的病理级别增高.     

微创医学中的介入性超声

超声检查具有实时、动态、灵活、方便等优点,在临床上有重要作用.介入性超声是在超声显像的基础上,为进一步满足临床诊断和治疗的需要而发展起来的一门新技术,在微创医学体系中占有非常重要的地位,但只有与其它微创技术联合应用才更有活力和生机.     

Prevalence of Cognitively Intact Individuals Residing in Extended Care Nursing Facilities

There appears to be a relative absence of studies that have examined the prevalence of cognitively intact individuals who reside in extended care facilities. Prevalence data were collected on 296 persons who resided in 3 extended care nursing facilities in Central Virginia. Cognitive intactness was evaluated via the Minimum Data Set Cognitive Performance Scale (CPS) and an author-generated survey (i.e., Cognitively Intact Survey [CI Survey]) of select nursing staff members at each facility. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was utilized to examine the accuracy of the two measures in identifying cognitive intactness. Findings indicated that prevalence rates of cognitively intact residents varied as a function of the measures utilized to assess intactness. Specifically, a significantly greater proportion of the total sample of residents was judged to be cognitively intact via the CI Survey (34.12%) as compared to the CPS (26.01%). The level of interjudge agreement between the two measures was found to be moderately high (K = 0.68). When the MMSE was employed to verify individuals' levels of intactness, the percentages of residents predicted to actually be cognitively intact were somewhat lower for each measure. Specifically, based on the data obtained via the CI Survey, 22.75% of the total sample were predicted to actually be cognitively intact, whereas 17.85% of the sample were predicted to be intact based on the CPS results. Findings are discussed in light of factors that may have contributed to the differential prevalence rates of cognitively intact individuals obtained across the measures utilized in this study. Concerns regarding the utilization of the MMSE as a criterion measure of cognitive intactness in persons residing in extended care nursing facilities are provided, along with data on the living environments/roommate statuses of those residents judged to be intact via the CI Survey. Implications for the design of future extended care nursing units, as well as future research, are also included.     

《周易·说卦传》中的类问题

论文通过对<说卦>中纷繁的类现象的讨论,旨在说明周易观象取类思维的规律,从而接通中国学术中类思维的规律,指出类思维是贯穿在古代思想学说中最一般的规则.     

解决"以药养医"问题的演化博弈分析

能否妥善解决"以药养医"问题已经成为保持社会的稳定与和谐、促进经济健康发展亟待解决的社会问题之一.以探讨其经济学原因为起点,以政府和医院作为博弈方进行演化博弈分析,推论出政府与医院之间的互动演化关系,并提出完善医疗体制的融资渠道、发挥电子信息技术优势等政策建议.     

汉语阅读过程中词切分的位置：一项基于眼动随动显示技术的研究

采用眼动随动显示技术, 通过分析动态协助或干扰词切分对阅读过程的影响, 考察汉语阅读过程中词切分的位置与数量。包括两项实验：实验一通过改变注视点附近词语的颜色来促进词汇的加工进程, 发现协助词n+1切分可改变被试的眼动模式, 说明至少加工词n+1可导致词切分效果; 实验二以类似方法干扰相应的词汇加工进程, 发现在某些实验条件下被试的眼动模式朝相反方向变化, 表明实验一结果并非由外源注意转移引起。综合分析两个实验中各种条件下首次注视概率分布、再注视时的首次注视时间和单一注视时间的差异, 得出以下结论：在汉语阅读中存在两种词切分现象, 一种由加工词n+1引起, 另一种由加工词n引起。