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834.
Davidson PS McFarland CP Glisky EL 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2006,6(4):306-322
Emotional experiences are easier to remember than neutral ones, but whether memory for all aspects of an experience is improved
by emotion remains unclear. Some researchers have argued that the influence of emotion on memory is different for item than
for source information, whereas others have argued that emotion affects both similarly. Also, whether item and source memory
are affected by emotion in older people in the same way as in young people is currently unclear. We examined item and source
memory for emotional and neutral materials in young and older adults. Memory for emotional items was superior to memory for
neutral items, whereas there was no difference in source memory. Overall, item and source memory were poorer in older people
than in young people, but emotion seemed to have a similar effect on both age groups. Although emotional content was remembered
better than neutral content, this benefit did not apply to source memory. However, varying the emotionality of the source
(i.e., the voice in Experiment 3) improved memory for the source, and this effect was greater in young than in older people.
Tone of voice had no effect on item memory in older people, but the effect was variable in the young and may depend on the
extent to which the tone of voice moderates the interpretation of the content. 相似文献
835.
This study examined whether delinquent adolescents with low scores on personality scales related to callousness and impulsivity would show less antisocial behavior and better psychosocial functioning compared to those elevated on 1 or both scales. A group of 162 White and African American male adolescents, recently adjudicated in a southern youth court system, were assessed at baseline and at 18-month follow-up. Dependent variables included measures of antisocial and prosocial behaviors, days detained in juvenile detention, and symptoms of psychopathology. As hypothesized, adolescents low on both callousness and impulsivity spent fewer days detained and reported less antisocial behavior and fewer symptoms of psychopathology compared to those high on I or both scales. Finally, African American participants were detained for more days, but did not report significantly more antisocial behaviors or symptoms of psychopathology compared to the White adolescents. The results suggest that being low on callousness and impulsivity may serve a protective role for future delinquent behavior for both African American and White adolescents. 相似文献
836.
Sawchuk CN Lohr JM Westendorf DH Meunier SA Tolin DF 《Behaviour research and therapy》2002,40(9):1031-1046
Individuals with small animal and blood-injection-injury (BII) phobias respond to phobia-relevant stimuli with both fear and disgust. However, recent studies suggest that fear is the dominant emotional response in animal phobics whereas disgust is the primary emotional response in BII phobics. The present study examined emotional responding toward pictures of spiders, surgical procedures, and two categories of general disgust elicitors (rotting food and body products) among analogue spider phobics, BII phobics, and nonphobics. Dominant emotional responses to phobia-relevant stimuli clearly differentiated the groups. as spider phobics were more likely to be classified as primarily fearful when rating pictures of spiders (74%), whereas BII phobics were more likely to be classified as primarily disgusted when rating pictures of surgical procedures (78%). Discriminant function analyses revealed that disgust ratings, but not fear ratings, of the phobic pictures were significant predictors of phobic group membership. Both phobic groups were characterized by elevated disgust sensitivity toward video and pictorial general disgust elicitors. Implications and suggestions for continued research examining fearful and disgusting stimuli in specific phobia are outlined. 相似文献
837.
A brief interview to measure stress coping capabilities was developed and tested in 4 samples of African American and White adolescents in low-income neighborhoods of 2 large U.S. cities. The Social Competence Interview (SCI) is a 10-min social stressor that assesses physiological and social-emotional responses to a recurring real-life problem. A new behavioral coding system using audiotapes permits reliable and valid assessment of components of social competence, including Interpersonal Skills (expressiveness, empathy), Goal-Oriented Strivings in coping (self defense, social acceptance, competitiveness, stimulation-pleasure, approval, self improvement), and Social Impact (high vs. low affiliation/control). High SCI expressiveness and self-defensive striving create a critical-aggressive social impact, which is correlated with increased hostility and anger. 相似文献
838.
Is the locus of the problem-size effect in mental arithmetic different across cultures? In a novel approach to this question, the ex-Gaussian distributional model was applied to response times for large (e.g., 8 x 9) and small (e.g., 2 x 3) problems obtained from Chinese and Canadian graduate students in a multiplication production task (LeFevre & Liu, 1997). The problem-size effect for the Chinese group occurred in mu (the mean of the normal component), whereas the problem-size effect for the Canadian group occurred in both mu and tau (the mean of the exponential component). The results support the position that the problem-size effect for the Chinese group is purely a memory-retrieval effect, whereas for the Canadian group, it is an effect of both retrieval and the use of nonretrieval solution procedures. 相似文献
839.
Five studies investigated the links among narcissism, self-esteem, and love. Across all studies, narcissism was associated primarily with a game-playing love style. This link was found in reports of general love styles (Study 1a) and of love in ongoing romantic relationships (Studies 1b-3, 5). Narcissists' game-playing love style was the result of a need for power and autonomy (Study 2) and was linked with greater relationship alternatives and lesser commitment (Study 3). Finally, narcissists' self-reports of game playing were confirmed by their partners in past and current relationships (Studies 4, 5). In contrast, self-esteem was negatively linked to manic love and positively linked to passionate love across studies. Implications for the understanding of narcissism in relationships are discussed. 相似文献
840.
Self-report and observational measures of pain are examined from the perspective of a model of human communication. This model examines the experience of pain as affected by intrapersonal and contextual factors, the process whereby it is encoded into expressive behaviour, and the process of decoding by observers prior to their engaging in action. Self-report measures primarily capture expressive pain behaviour that is under the control of higher mental processes, whereas observational measures capture behaviour that is less subject to voluntary control and more automatic. Automatic expressive behaviours are subject to less purposeful distortion than are behaviours dependent upon higher mental processes. Consequently, observational measures can be used and have clinical utility as indices of pain when self-report is not available, for example, in infants, young children, people with intellectual disabilities or brain damage, and seniors with dementia. These measures are also useful when the credibility of self-report is questioned and even when credible self-report is available. However, automatic behaviours may be more difficult for observers to decode. The model outlined herein takes into account the role of various human developmental stages in pain experience and expression and in understanding the utility of self-report and observational measures. We conclude that both observational and self-report measures are essential in the assessment of pain because of the unique information that each type contributes. 相似文献