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131.
The present research tests the idea that playing a team‐player video game in which players work together as teammates and assist each other in achieving a common goal increases cooperative behavior toward a new partner. In fact, relative to a single‐player mode, cooperatively playing a video game increased cooperation in a mixed‐motive decision dilemma task. Because the players were exposed to the same video game content in both experimental conditions, the effect on cooperative behavior can only be accounted for by the different way the game was played. Mediation analyses revealed that cooperative team play promoted feelings of cohesion, which activated trust (i.e., the expectation of reciprocal cooperation), which in turn increased cooperative behavior. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
132.
Stefanie Dorough Morris James W. Grice Ryan A. Cox 《Basic and applied social psychology》2017,39(1):1-18
It is common practice in psychology to devise “measurement” procedures by imposing rating scales (e.g., Likert items) onto phenomena and treating the values they produce as quantities. The validity of these procedures goes untested. Validity checks are instead performed on sets of these measurement procedures (i.e., multi-item scales). We present results from three studies suggesting that people cannot be assumed to preserve transitivity when comparing themselves and others on NEO Neuroticism-domain trait items. As transitivity is one of the fundamental axioms of quantitative measurement, these studies challenge the validity of Neuroticism scales at the level of individual scale items. 相似文献
133.
ABSTRACT The study examines the extent to which 2 sets of personality variables—(1) dispositional traits (and their facets) within the Big Five taxonomy and (2) the adult developmental construct of generativity—are associated with psychosocial adaptation in midlife adults (N=128), conceived as the combination of individual well‐being and positive societal involvements. Generativity is conceived as an adult's concern for and commitment to promoting the well‐being of future generations. Multiple regression analyses showed that dispositional traits were more strongly associated with individual well‐being than was generativity, but generativity was much more strongly associated with positive societal engagement than were the traits. Correlations between dispositional traits and generativity revealed that highly generative adults were elevated on most of the facets of Extraversion and Openness. For the other 3 traits, generativity was positively related to facets of competence, achievement striving, dutifulness, altruism, and trust and negatively related to vulnerability, anxiety, depressiveness, and modesty. 相似文献
134.
Despite mixed empirical evidence regarding the ability of the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL‐R) to predict violence among incarcerated inmates, it continues to be used to address such questions, even in the context of capital cases. The purpose of this study was to examine if the PCL‐R has a prejudicial effect on mock jury members during the sentencing phase of a capital murder trial. Results indicated that participants were more likely to sentence the defendant to death when the defendant exhibited a high likelihood to commit future violence, whether or not the diagnostic label “psychopath” was present. Interestingly, when asked to rate the defendant's likelihood for future violence and murder, the defendant who was a high risk for future violence and not labeled a psychopath received the highest rating. These results suggest an absence of juror bias as it pertains to the label “psychopath” when sentencing a defendant in a capital murder case. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
135.
Damian Cox 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2006,9(5):505-515
In this paper, I develop an objection to agent-based accounts of right action. Agent-based accounts of right action attempt to derive moral judgment of actions from judgment of the inner quality of virtuous agents and virtuous agency. A moral theory ought to be something that moral agents can permissibly use in moral deliberation. I argue for a principle that captures this intuition and show that, for a broad range of other-directed virtues and motives, agent-based accounts of right action fail to satisfy this principle. 相似文献
136.
Matthew Lewon E. Kate Webb Sydney M. Brotheridge Christophe Cox Cynthia D. Fast 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2019,52(3):682-700
Animal trainers working in scent detection programs are responsible for arranging training contingencies as well as for observing and recording animal behavior. We provided behavioral skills training (BST) to animal trainers working with scent detection rats to improve the treatment integrity of scent‐detection research sessions. We evaluated the trainers' behavior at baseline and during the sequential introduction of each component of BST (instructions, modeling, and feedback). We observed incremental improvements in treatment integrity with the introduction of each BST component. Posttraining probes revealed that these improvements were sustained at least 3 weeks post‐BST. As the trainers' behavior was modified during BST, we observed decrements in measures of rat performance. We discuss the nature of these interactions and their implications for the use of BST in scent detection research and in situations in which intervention with one party produces concomitant effects on the behavior of another. 相似文献
137.
138.
Amori Yee Mikami Daniel J. Cox Margaret T. Davis H. Kent Wilson R. Lawrence Merkel Roger Burket 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2009,16(3):233-242
This study examined whether adolescent females with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are differentially responsive
than their male counterparts to extended-release stimulant medications. This investigation may bear special importance for
an adolescent (as opposed to child) population, because hormonal and metabolism differences between sexes are most likely
to emerge at this time. Male (n = 19) and female (n = 16) adolescents, ages 16–19 with ADHD, participated in a randomized, double-blind crossover study evaluating the effectiveness
of osmotic-release methylphenidate, extended release amphetamine salts, placebo, and routine limited medication regimen. Medication
efficacy was evaluated using ADHD symptom ratings from adolescent self-report and parent report, along with objective measures
of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity during driving performance and neuropsychological tasks. Males and females were
largely equivalent in impairment, and medication was similarly effective in reducing symptoms. No interactions were found
between sex and medication on any measure of effectiveness or side effects. This finding suggests that the efficacy and tolerability
of extended-release stimulant medications is equivalent for male and female adolescents with ADHD. 相似文献
139.
ON THE EFFICIENCY OF VISUAL SELECTIVE ATTENTION: 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Abstract— The ability to ignore irrelevant peripheral distractors was assessed as a junction of the efficiency in visual search for a target at the center of display. Efficient target search, among dissimilar nontargets, led to greater distraction than inefficient search, among similar nontargets. This seemingly paradoxical result is predicted by the recent proposal (Lavie, 1995a) that irrelevant processing can be prevented only by increasing the load for relevant processing. Varying the set size of similar items in the central search task demonstrated that interference from irrelevant distractors was eliminated only with more than four relevant items. These results demonstrate how capacity limits determine the efficiency of selective attention, and raise questions about some standard assumptions of most visual search models. 相似文献
140.
Toddlers in day care have more toy conflicts, aggression, and peer-inflicted injuries than any other age group. Toddlers are also capable of turn-taking and affectionate behavior, but exhibit these prosocial behaviors less often than aggression and toy-taking. We explored the usefulness and feasibility of contextual and teacher-directed social skills intervention for increasing toddlers' turn-taking and affectionate behavior to peers. Results showed that adding tangible consequences to a basic package of contextual arrangement, prompts, and praise was the most effective strategy for increasing both turn-taking and affection. Aggression decreased when affection or turn-taking increased. 相似文献