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371.
Guidelines for Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) or research ethics committees exist at national and international levels.
These guidelines are based on ethical principles and establish an internationally acceptable standard for the review and conduct
of medical research. Having attained a multinational consensus about what these fundamental guidelines should be, IRBs are
left to interpret the guidelines and devise their own means of implementing them. Individual and community values bear on
the interpretation of the guidelines so different IRBs attain different levels of effectiveness. In the Caribbean and Pan
American regions there are few IRBs. Obstacles to the establishment and function of IRBs are exacerbated in developing regions
like these by differences in language, literacy, and local value systems; education, administrative expertise, facilities,
and access to information are also limited. A regional IRB network might facilitate more uniform ethical review in developing
countries, and simplify IRB procedures.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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373.
M.V. Cox 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1978,26(3):551-554
Previous research suggests that young children do not attempt to represent depth relationships between objects in their drawings. The present study, however, showed that when both objects are visible and the children's attention is drawn to the depth relationship between them, most 5-, 6-, and 7-year-olds do attempt to portray this relationship. 相似文献
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376.
John M. Laux Paula J. Dupuy Jeffry L. Moe Jane A. Cox Eric Lambert Lois A. Ventura Celia Williamson Barbaranne J. Benjamin 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2008,29(1):36-48
The authors assessed the substance abuse counseling needs of women in the criminal justice system using interviews (n = 304) and surveys (n = 1,170). On the basis of the results, the authors call for gender‐specific treatment as well as family‐oriented support for women who are mothers. 相似文献
377.
Functional MRI of young adults has implicated the striatum in the processing of rewarding and punishing events. To date, only
two published experiments (Samanez-Larkin et al., 2007; Schott et al., 2007) have explored similar phenomena in older adults,
with both studies emphasizing the anticipation of monetary outcomes. To better understand older participants’ striatal responses
to delivered outcomes, we engaged 20 older adults and 13 younger adults in a card-guessing task that rewarded correct guesses
with monetary gain and punished incorrect guesses with monetary loss. Overall, the older adults retained most of the typical
features of the striatal response, so that activity in the caudate head showed reliable differentiation between rewards and
punishments during the 6- to 9-sec postoutcome window. Comparison of the older and younger adults also pointed to some potential
aging effects on outcome activity, including reductions in the magnitude and extent of striatal activation, and a trend for
the older adults to show a decreased early punishment response. In sum, our data suggest that the signaling of outcome valence
remains relatively stable into late adulthood, although more research is needed to understand some subtle changes that might
occur across the life span. 相似文献
378.
There is no satisfactory account for the general phenomenon of confabulation, for the following reasons: (1) confabulation occurs in a number of pathological and non-pathological conditions; (2) impairments giving rise to confabulation are likely to have different neural bases; and (3) there is no unique theory explaining the aetiology of confabulations. An epistemic approach to defining confabulation could solve all of these issues, by focusing on the surface features of the phenomenon. However, existing epistemic accounts are unable to offer sufficient conditions for confabulation and tend to emphasise only its epistemic disadvantages. In this paper, we argue that a satisfactory epistemic account of confabulation should also acknowledge those features which are (potentially) epistemically advantageous. For example, confabulation may allow subjects to exercise some control over their own cognitive life which is instrumental to the construction or preservation of their sense of self. 相似文献
379.
Effectiveness of a trauma/grief-focused group intervention: a qualitative study with war-exposed Bosnian adolescents 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cox J Davies DR Burlingame GM Campbell JE Layne CM Katzenbach RJ 《International journal of group psychotherapy》2007,57(3):319-345
The effectiveness and impacts of a school-based, trauma/grief-focused group treatment program for war-exposed youth in Bosnia and Herzegovina were investigated using semistructured focus groups, conducted separately for students and their school counselor group leaders. Overall, students' and leaders' evaluations of the groups were generally positive. General themes of outcomes and impacts perceived by students and group leaders include: acquisition of coping skills and attitudes, willingness to advocate for peers, improved interpersonal relationships, negative impacts, general positive impacts, impacts in the schools, impacts on the group and logistics of the program, and broader impacts on the perception of mental health in the community. The broad positive impacts of this program suggest that trauma/grief-focused group treatment intervention programs targeting trauma-exposed youth may be effective on multiple levels with war-exposed youth and their communities. 相似文献
380.
Taylor S Zvolensky MJ Cox BJ Deacon B Heimberg RG Ledley DR Abramowitz JS Holaway RM Sandin B Stewart SH Coles M Eng W Daly ES Arrindell WA Bouvard M Cardenas SJ 《心理评价》2007,19(2):176-188
Accumulating evidence suggests that anxiety sensitivity (fear of arousal-related sensations) plays an important role in many clinical conditions, particularly anxiety disorders. Research has increasingly focused on how the basic dimensions of anxiety sensitivity are related to various forms of psychopathology. Such work has been hampered because the original measure--the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI)--was not designed to be multidimensional. Subsequently developed multidimensional measures have unstable factor structures or measure only a subset of the most widely replicated factors. Therefore, the authors developed, via factor analysis of responses from U.S. and Canadian nonclinical participants (n=2,361), an 18-item measure, the ASI-3, which assesses the 3 factors best replicated in previous research: Physical, Cognitive, and Social Concerns. Factorial validity of the ASI-3 was supported by confirmatory factor analyses of 6 replication samples, including nonclinical samples from the United States and Canada, France, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Spain (n=4,494) and a clinical sample from the United States and Canada (n=390). The ASI-3 displayed generally good performance on other indices of reliability and validity, along with evidence of improved psychometric properties over the original ASI. 相似文献