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1.
Women are more intolerant of hate speech than men. This study examined relationality measures as mediators of gender differences in the perception of the harm of hate speech and the importance of freedom of speech. Participants were 107 male and 123 female college students. Questionnaires assessed the perceived harm of hate speech, the importance of freedom of speech, empathy, relational and collective interdependence, and connected and separate ways of knowing. Gender differences were found for the harm of hate speech, freedom of speech, empathy, and separate learning as a way of knowing. Women were more negative regarding the harm of hate speech and regarded freedom of speech as less important than men. Additionally, the perceived harm of hate speech was positively associated with empathy, connected knowing, and interdependence, and freedom of speech was positively associated with separate learning and negatively with empathy. Empathy mediated gender differences in the perceived harm of hate speech, and separate learning mediated gender differences in the importance of freedom of speech. 相似文献
2.
Nelson Cowan 《Developmental science》2003,6(4):440-447
In this article, an investigator who is outside of the connectionist / dynamic systems (CD) tradition, but is sympathetic to many of its theoretical stances, considers whether these are separate approaches and what the two approaches mean for the development of information processing. It is argued that these approaches have not been defined in the target articles of this special issue narrowly enough to make them clearly separate approaches. Rather, they appear to emphasize different aspects of a common approach. It is also suggested that they do not form an overarching theory of development but do form an important theoretical approach at one level of analysis. In particular, one may sometimes, but not always, have to get into nonlinear interactions between faculties of the mind to predict and explain behavior. Finally, an attempt is made to challenge the CD approach to become more global by confronting the issue of how attention and conscious awareness should be represented in these models, and how the development of them may occur. Evidence of changes in automatic and attention-related parameters of processing may provide a scaffolding upon which better CD models can be constructed. 相似文献
3.
4.
Nelson Cowan 《Behavior research methods》1986,18(5):434-446
In language-related psychological research, it is often necessary to search for sets of words with certain well-controlled phonological properties. To aid in searches of this kind, this paper presents a matrix of consonant-cluster-free, monosyllabic English words that are classified according to their phonemes. The matrix is of considerable use in the construction of experimental stimuli. Its applications are discussed. 相似文献
5.
Richard Cowan 《Journal of experimental child psychology》1984,38(3):515-532
Although one-to-one correspondence can be seen as a component of successful counting, number conservation, and relative number judgments, there is evidence of considerable discrepancies between children's competencies in these different tasks. Concerning relative number judgments there are strikingly different claims concerning the ability of young children to make one-to-one correspondence-based judgments. In part these discrepancies reflect differences in criteria. Four experiments are reported in which 5-year-olds' relative number judgments of small and large number displays with and without perceptual aids were studied. Children were found to respond to local rather than global density differences and to benefit from the provision of perceptual aids on both small and large number displays with one exception, namely, large number displays where the longer row is less numerous. 相似文献
6.
A study of 210 fourth, sixth, eighth, and tenth graders and adults was conducted to determine developmental trends in both destereotyping of traditionally gender-typed activities and preferences for those activities, and to compare activity preferences of tomboys with other females and with males at different ages. Tenth graders destereotyped less than the other age levels. Additionally, female subjects destereotyped traditionally boys' activities more than girls' activities and more than male subjects. Although nontomboys and boys showed a preference for gender-traditional activities, tomboys preferred traditional girls' and boys' activities equally. Self-defined tomboys do not reject traditionally female activities; instead, they expand their repertoire of activities to include both gender-traditional and nontraditional activities. It is suggested that girls who are able to transcend gender-role behavior in childhood may be the ones who will grow into androgynous adult women. 相似文献
7.
Properties of memory for unattended spoken syllables 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
N Cowan W Lichty T R Grove 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1990,16(2):258-269
Whereas previous studies on memory for unattended speech have inadvertently included acoustic interference, the present study examines memory for unattended syllables during a silent period of 1, 5, or 10 s. The primary task was to read silently (Experiments 1-3) or whisper the reading (Experiment 4). Occasionally, when a light cue occurred, the subject was to recall the most recent spoken syllable, as well as the recent reading material. Memory for both the vowels and consonants of the syllables decreased across 10 s, confirming that auditory memory does decay in the absence of acoustic interference. However, the specific patterns of memory decay for vowels versus consonants depended on task demands, including the allocation of attention and the opportunity for subvocal coding. We suggest an account of performance that includes auditory sensory and phonetic memory codes with different properties, used in combination. 相似文献
8.
The relation between memory and attention has been of long-standing interest. Eich (1984) made an important discovery of implicit but not explicit memory for contextually determined homophones (e.g., taxi-FARE) presented in a channel to be ignored within a selective listening procedure. However, his slow rate of presentation of shadowing task materials may have allowed frequent attention shifts to the allegedly ignored channel. With a direct replication of Eich’s timing parameters, we reproduced his results, but when the attended channel was presented twice as fast as Eich’s, implicit memory for the to-be-ignored words vanished. Our results contradict claims of extensive semantic processing of unattended auditory information in this task. 相似文献
9.
An alternative perspective to the clinical model of codependency is that codependency is contextual and reflects inequality
within a relationship. This study examined whether the evaluation of codependent behavior depends on the context of the relationship,
i.e., the reciprocity of the person’s partner, and the gender of the stimulus person (SP). College students (N=302, 46% non-Caucasian) read one of six scenarios in which the codependent SP’s behavior was held constant but the reciprocity
of the partner and the gender of the SP were varied. The stimulus person and her/his relationship were rated significantly
more healthy in the reciprocal condition than in the nonreciprocal or control conditions, but a better partner in the nonreciprocal
condition. Codependent female SPs were judged less healthy but better partners than codependent male SPs. Judgments of codependent
behavior and persons are contextual in nature, may reflect inequality within relationships, and to some extent, depend upon
the gender of the codependent person. 相似文献
10.
In an attempt to understand the bases of rape attributions in the well-publicized accusation of rape against William Kennedy Smith in 1991, background and attitudinal variables were used to predict 277 college students' beliefs that a rape had occurred, and their extent of victim blame prior to his rape trial. Gender differences were found in the belief that a rape had occurred and in victim blame, but were no longer significant when combined with other predictors in a regression equation. Among women, no significant predictors of rape occurrence emerged, whereas for men, political affiliation (Democrats more than Republicans) and ethnicity (people of color more than whites) predicted the belief that a rape had occurred. Belief in victim precipitation of rape strongly predicted victim blame in the Smith case. These findings reinforce the significance of victim-precipitation beliefs in blaming date-rape victims and the probable role of these myths in keeping date rape a hidden crime. 相似文献