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211.
Courtney M. Bonam Valerie J. Taylor Caitlyn Yantis 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2017,11(9)
We argue for incorporating physical space into the psychological study of race. Specifically, we review historical and sociological work explaining how physical space (e.g., houses, rivers, neighborhoods, and nations) has been used to construct race and racial hierarchy, leaving physical space structurally racialized. This structural racialization, we propose, has led people to think of physical space in racial terms, creating mental images of race that include physical space characteristics. We explain how these mental images may influence race‐related psychological processes (e.g., person perception and social identity threat). We also detail evidence that these mental images of racialized space shape how people perceive and interact with space, in ways that likely reinforce its structural racialization. We therefore frame physical space as a cultural product, situating it within the mutually constitutive nature of culture and psyche. This expanded approach to studying race can facilitate a fuller understanding of all the ways in which psychological processes contribute to racial inequality. 相似文献
212.
213.
Michael K. Scullin Courtney A. Kurinec Khuyen Nguyen 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2017,29(8):929-938
Implementation intentions, which include a structured verbal statement and mental imagery, improve prospective memory performance (i.e. remembering to execute delayed intentions). To investigate whether, and how, implementation intention strategies affect encoding processes we had participants complete a thought probe procedure immediately after forming the intention to remember to press Q when seeing fruit words. In Experiment 1, an implementation intention verbal statement (relative to control statement) significantly increased generation of high typicality exemplars (apple, banana, orange). In Experiment 2, an implementation intention imagery procedure (relative to control imagery) produced similar outcomes. In Experiment 3, combining the statement and imagery components of the implementation intention (relative to control statement and imagery) demonstrated even more potent effects (e.g. three-fold increase in fruit exemplars generated). In Experiment 4, we tested whether the control statement versus control imagery procedure differentially affected encoding, but these control procedures showed no significant differences. An interesting, unanticipated finding was that there was significantly less mind wandering in the implementation intention conditions relative to the control conditions. The current experiments provide novel information on the processes operating during intention encoding, and support the classic view that implementation intentions increase the encoding of specific retrieval cues. 相似文献
214.
Kevin M. Beaver Joseph L. Nedelec Meghan Wilde Courtney Lippoff Dylan Jackson 《Journal of research in personality》2011,45(3):279-284
Findings from molecular genetic research have indicated that a polymorphism in the promoter region of the MAOA gene interacts with environmental liabilities to predict antisocial phenotypes. We use these findings as a springboard to examine whether a global protective-risk factor index moderates the effect of MAOA genotype on the probability of being incarcerated and on a measure of anger and hostility. Analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) indicates that exposure to risk and protective factors in adolescence are able to moderate the effect of MAOA genotype on anger and hostility in adulthood for males. The results in relation to the probability of being incarcerated were consistently null. 相似文献
215.
216.
Beidas RS Benjamin CL Puleo CM Edmunds JM Kendall PC 《Cognitive and behavioral practice》2010,17(2):142-153
The current article offers suggestions for ways to adapt empirically supported treatments (ESTs). A specific manualized EST (Coping Cat; Kendall & Hedtke, 2006a) is used to illustrate the concept of "flexibility within fidelity" (Kendall & Beidas, 2007; Kendall, Gosch, Furr, & Sood, 2008). Flexibility within fidelity stresses the importance of using ESTs while considering and taking into account individual client presentations. In this discussion, recommendations are offered for the use of the Coping Cat with younger youth, adolescents, and youth with secondary comorbidities (i.e., social skills deficits, inattentive symptoms, and depressive symptoms). 相似文献
217.
Jeffrey R. Stevens 《Animal cognition》2010,13(4):663-670
Helping others at no cost to oneself is a simple way to demonstrate other-regarding preferences. Yet, primates exhibit mixed
results for other-regarding preferences: chimpanzees and tamarins do not show these effects, whereas capuchin monkeys and
marmosets preferentially give food to others. One factor of relevance to this no-cost food donation is the payoff to the donor.
Though donors always receive the same payoffs regardless of their choice, previous work varies in whether they receive either
a food reward or no food reward. Here, I tested cotton-top tamarins in a preferential giving task. Subjects could choose from
two tools, one of which delivered food to a partner in an adjacent cage and the other of which delivered food to an empty
cage. Thus, subjects could preferentially give or withhold food from a partner. I varied whether subjects received food payoffs,
whether a partner was present or absent, and whether the partner was a non-cagemate or the subject’s mate. Results showed
that the subjects’ overall motivation to pull either tool declined when they did not receive any food. Additionally, they
did not preferentially donate or withhold food, regardless of their own payoff or their relationship with the partner. Thus,
cotton-top tamarins do not take advantage of cost-free food giving, either when they might gain in the future (mates) or when
they have no opportunity for future interactions (non-cagemates). 相似文献
218.
Drive for thinness and drive for muscularity: Opposite ends of the continuum or separate constructs?
The goal of this study was to examine whether the drive for thinness and the drive for muscularity occur concurrently among late adolescents and to understand the body attitudes associated with desiring a thinner and/or a more muscular physique. Participants included 235 college freshmen who participated in a larger study of body image and eating attitudes. The majority of individuals reported having both a high drive for thinness and a high drive for muscularity (65.4%). Additionally, the presence of both drives significantly predicted body compulsivity and body anxiety among females, and body-esteem among males. Results of the current study provide considerable evidence that a drive for thinness and a drive for muscularity are not mutually exclusive. Furthermore, the degree to which an individual strives for thinness and/or muscularity has differential effects on their body attitudes. 相似文献
219.
Brian P. Meier Amanda J. Dillard Courtney M. Lappas 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2019,13(8)
People are frequently exposed to products and services that are labeled natural (e.g., Nature Made Vitamins or GoJo Natural Orange Hand Cleaner). The frequency with which this label is used suggests that it delivers an advantage in marketing and sales. Our review examines the preference for and perception of naturalness and reveals that people have a bias for items described as natural in many domains including foods, medicine, beauty products, cigarettes, and lighting. These preferences abound even when the natural item is identical or not objectively better than the non‐natural or synthetic item. We believe this bias may be driven by a natural‐is‐better default belief as well as the belief that natural items are safer than non‐natural items. Although a bias for natural items is apparent, this literature is in its infancy, and we suggest three areas that will help build and refine the empirical research base and theory: the measurement of behavior, the examination of individual differences, and the development of methods for reducing the bias. A better understanding of the naturalness bias relevant to these areas will lead to a more comprehensive understanding of the area, including factors that may cause and reduce it. 相似文献
220.