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51.
With the continued operations in Iraq and Afghanistan, studies of the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and related symptoms are now common. However, lacking is how these symptoms relate to precipitating conditions and the mitigating effects of social support on these symptoms. This is particularly relevant for reserve military personnel, who have been shown to be greater at-risk for postdeployment problems. The present study examined questionnaire data obtained from Army National Guard (ARNG) units immediately after their return from deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan during 2010 (N = 4329 soldiers in 50 units). Findings showed few soldiers displayed risk behaviors (i.e., daily alcohol use, use of illicit drugs, suicide thoughts, and physically threatening others) during and after deployment. Those most likely to have more postdeployment risk behaviors were also those who showed more risk behaviors during deployment. A substantial percentage of soldiers reported combat exposure, postdeployment negative emotions, and postdeployment loss of a personal relationship. These reported outcomes were all related to increased risk behaviors after deployment. The buffering effect of social support on postdeployment risk behaviors was equally evident when data were examined individually and when grouped by unit memberships. Implications of findings for future research, practice, and policies are discussed. 相似文献
52.
Freyd (1987; Finke & Freyd, 1985) suggested that representational momentum (i.e., forward displacement in memory for the location of a moving target) is impervious to error feedback (i.e., is modular or cognitively impenetrable), but studies supporting this claim might not have allowed sufficient opportunity for learning to occur. In the experiment reported here, participants were (a) naive regarding representational momentum, (b) informed about representational momentum but not instructed to counteract it, or (c) informed about representational momentum and instructed to counteract it. All participants exhibited significant displacement. However, participants informed about representational momentum exhibited less forward displacement than did naive participants due to a greater tendency to respond same to probes behind the true--same position. Possible mechanisms of compensation and the notion that displacement reflects both modular (cognitively impenetrable) and nonmodular (cognitively penetrable) components are addressed. 相似文献
53.
The authors describe 3 theoretical accounts of age-related increases in falsely remembering that imagined actions were performed (A. K. Thomas & J. B. Bulevich, 2006). To investigate these accounts and further explore age-related changes in reality monitoring of action memories, the authors used a new paradigm in which actions were (a) imagined only, (b) actually performed, or (c) both imagined and performed. Older adults were more likely than younger adults to misremember the source of imagined-only actions, with older adults more often specifying that the action was imagined and also that it was performed. For both age groups, illusions that the actions were only performed decreased as repetitions of the imagined-only events increased. These patterns suggest that both older and younger adults use qualitative characteristics when making reality-monitoring judgments and that repeated imagination produces richer records of both sensory details and cognitive operations. However, sensory information derived from imagination appears to be more similar to that derived from performance for older adults than for younger adults. 相似文献
54.
Debra McGinnis R. Justin Goss Courtney Tessmer Elizabeth M. Zelinski 《Applied cognitive psychology》2008,22(2):171-192
Participants (31 young, 27 young–old, and 28 old–old) read 12 narratives, pausing periodically to think aloud. The resulting protocols were analysed for 17 types of inferences and for non‐content (off‐target) information. Factor analysis yielded three inference factors: character, causal and physical. Age difference across these factors were not significant, suggesting that inferential processing architecture may be stable. Each narrative also included an unfamiliar word. Immediately following each narrative, four definition choices and a definition rating scale were presented. The definition scores of old–old adults were lower than young and young–old. In addition, definition scores were negatively related to non‐content comment counts. Taken together, these findings suggest that off‐target working‐memory intrusions may interfere with interpretation specificity in older adults even though semantic architecture remains stable. This study extends the aging and inference literature by addressing age‐related changes across categories of inferential processing and by including a sample of old–old adults. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
55.
Jennifer Stroh William Frankenberger La Vonne Cornell-Swanson Courtney Wood Stephanie Pahl 《Journal of child and family studies》2008,17(3):385-401
We examined parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and information sources regarding Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD),
including treatment with stimulant medication and behavioral interventions. Responses from parents with a child diagnosed
with ADHD and parents without a child diagnosed with ADHD were also compared. Participants consisted of 146 parents of elementary
age children from Wisconsin. The surveyed parents were aware of issues surrounding ADHD and the use of stimulant medication,
but there were several areas where they possessed inaccurate or incomplete factual information. Parents who had a child diagnosed
with ADHD rated the effects of stimulant medication more positively and side effects as less severe than other parents. They
also rated behavioral interventions as less effective on all questions. Implications of the study are discussed. 相似文献
56.
Mary C. Kernan Courtney Shelton Hunt Donald E. Conlon 《Journal of applied social psychology》2007,37(1):143-162
In the negotiation literature, relatively little attention has been paid to the impact of negotiator goals and expectancy disconfirmations on negotiator behaviors and affective outcomes. We found that negotiators with larger negative expectancy disconfirmations were less satisfied; set lower targets for a subsequent negotiation; and were more likely to settle with the other party in the second negotiation, rather than requiring third-party imposition of a settlement. Those negotiators who settled had more positive feelings and perceptions about the negotiation and set higher targets for a third negotiation. Further, negotiators who experienced repeated high levels of negative expectancy disconfirmation also experienced the greatest decrements in their feelings and perceptions across negotiation episodes. Implications of study findings for future research are discussed. 相似文献
57.
Working memory (WM) selectively maintains a limited amount of currently relevant information in an active state to influence future perceptual processing, thought, and behavior. The representation of the information held in WM is unknown, particularly the degree of separation between the representation of an object’s identity and its location. The present experiments examined the flexibility of object and location WM representations by measuring reaction times on a visual discrimination task during the delay period of a WM recognition task for object identities, locations, or both. The results demonstrate that during WM delay periods, attention is biased toward information that matches the current contents of WM. Attention is not biased toward information that was present in the encoded memory sample but not relevant for the memory recognition test. This specificity of the interaction between WM and attention applies to both the identity and the location of the remembered stimulus and to the relationship between an object and its location. The results suggest that when this relationship is necessary for task performance, WM represents an object and its identity in an integrated manner. However, if this relationship is not task relevant, the object and location information are represented in WM separately. 相似文献
58.
59.
As genetic counselors, we frequently encounter families that have experienced a significant loss, be it a pregnancy, a child,
or a parent. The purpose of this Genetic Library is to introduce genetic counselors to some of the research that is currently
being conducted in the areas of grief and bereavement support, as well as end-of-life care. Of course, it is impossible to
capture the richness of these articles in one or two paragraphs. We therefore encourage interested genetic counselors to request
and review the full version of these papers. 相似文献
60.
Levinstein IB Boonthum C Pillarisetti SP Bell C McNamara DS 《Behavior research methods》2007,39(2):224-232
iSTART (interactive strategy training for active reading and thinking) is a Web-based reading strategy trainer that develops
students’ ability to self-explain difficult text as a means to improving reading comprehension. Its curriculum consists of
modules presented interactively by pedagogical agents: an introduction to the basics of using reading strategies in the context
of self-explanation, a demonstration of self-explanation, and a practice module in which the trainee generates self-explanations
with feedback on the quality of reading strategies contained in the self-explanations. We discuss the objectives that guided
the development of the second version of iSTART toward the goals of increased efficiency for the experimenters and effectiveness
in the training. The more pedagogically challenging high school audience is accommodated by (1) a new introduction that increases
interactivity, (2) a new demonstration with more and better focused scaffolding, and (3) a new practice module that provides
improved feedback and includes a less intense but more extended regimen. Version 2 also benefits experimenters, who can set
up and evaluate experiments with less time and effort, because pre- and posttesting has been fully computerized and the process
of preparing a text for the practice module has been reduced from more than 1 person-week to about an hour’s time. 相似文献