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881.
Some researchers argue that task switching involves task-set reconfiguration-that is, changing the existing task set to perform
a different task. Although this idea is intriguing, it is often unclear what is reconfigured and which processes are involved
in reconfiguration. We addressed these issues by defining task sets, identifying differences between them, and obtaining evidence
that was diagnostic of reconfiguration. In two experiments, subjects performed relative judgment tasks that involved comparing
a target with a reference point that repeated or switched across trials. The task was the same on every trial, but the task
set was not, because a task-set parameter-the reference point-had to be changed. Target-reference point distance effects that
changed with the reference point provided diagnostic evidence that reconfiguration occurred, and this reconfiguration led
to switch costs. We discuss how our approach can be generalized to define reconfiguration more clearly in other task-switching
situations. nt|mis|This research was supported by Grants BCS 0133202 and BCS 0446806 from the National Science Foundation
to G.D.L. 相似文献
882.
Jens F?rster Nira Liberman Ronald S Friedman 《Personality and social psychology review》2007,11(3):211-233
Countless studies have recently purported to demonstrate effects of goal priming; however, it is difficult to muster unambiguous support for the claims of these studies because of the lack of clear criteria for determining whether goals, as opposed to alternative varieties of mental representations, have indeed been activated. Therefore, the authors offer theoretical guidelines that may help distinguish between semantic, procedural, and goal priming. Seven principles that are hallmarks of self-regulatory processes are proposed: Goal-priming effects (a) involve value, (b) involve postattainment decrements in motivation, (c) involve gradients as a function of distance to the goal, (d) are proportional to the product of expectancy and value, (e) involve inhibition of conflicting goals, (f) involve self-control, and (g) are moderated by equifinality and multifinality. How these principles might help distinguish between automatic activation of goals and priming effects that do not involve goals is discussed. 相似文献
883.
We aimed to expand upon the demographic characteristics and gender differences among those who have met someone on the Internet who they later met offline and had sex with as well as any relationship with cybersex, sexually transmitted infections, and online sexual problems. We analyzed data collected through an online questionnaire in 2002 in Sweden including a total population of 1836 respondents of which 1458 used the Internet for sexual purposes. Of those, 35% men and 40% women reported to have met offline sex partners online. The majority reported an occurrence of one to two times, whereas 10% reported six or more times. The analysis suggested women aged 34-49 and 50-65 years, homo- and bisexual men, and singles more likely to have this experience. They were also more likely to have engaged in cybersex. No relationships were found with sexually transmitted infections or online sexual problems. The results suggest that using the Internet to find sex partners may be less hazardous for the general Internet users than pointed out by prior research about this behavior often focusing on specific sub groups of Internet users. 相似文献
884.
Participants were asked to recall the names when shown photographs of faces in both a semantic task (Experiment 1) and an episodic task (Experiments 2 and 3). When recall failed, feeling of knowing (FOK) ratings were solicited. In addition, participants reported on the strategies that they used to make their ratings, whether they could recall other pieces of information (the target-accessibility strategy, e.g., Koriat, A. (1993). How do we know that? The accessibility model of the feeling of knowing. Psychological Review, 100, 609–639) or whether the faces simply looked familiar (the cue-familiarity strategy, e.g., Schwartz, B. L., & Metcalfe, J. (1992). Cue familiarity but not target accessibility enhances feeling of knowing ratings. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 1074–1083). In all experiments, FOK ratings were fairly accurate in that participants were successful in predicting their performance on a subsequent recognition test. More importantly, participants reported using the cue-familiarity strategy more often, although they gave higher FOK ratings when they reported using the target-accessibility strategy. The FOK ratings that were given using the two strategies were equally accurate. 相似文献
885.
It is often assumed that indeterminacy in mereological relations—in particular, indeterminacy in which collections of objects
have fusions—leads immediately to indeterminacy in what objects there are in the world. This assumption is generally taken
as a reason for rejecting mereological vagueness. The purpose of this paper is to examine the link between mereological vagueness
and existential vagueness. I hope to show that the connection between the two forms of vagueness is not nearly so clear-cut
as has been supposed. 相似文献
886.
Maria Caama?o 《Erkenntnis》2009,70(3):331-364
The incommensurability thesis, as introduced by T.S. Kuhn and P.K. Feyerabend, states that incommensurable theories are conceptually
incompatible theories which share a common domain of application. Such claim has often been regarded as incoherent, since
it has been understood that the determination of a common domain of application at least requires a certain degree of conceptual
compatibility between the theories. The purpose of this work is to contribute to the defense of the notion of local or gradual
incommensurability, as proposed by late Kuhn. The application of this notion would allow to render the incommensurability
thesis coherent. To support this view, a typical example of incommensurability will be formally analyzed by applying the structuralist
metatheory developed, among others by W. Balzer, C.U. Moulines and J.D. Sneed. The structural reconstruction of the relation
between the phlogiston theory and the oxygen theory offered here will reveal that they are locally incommensurable, and will
even make possible to determine the ontological reduction relation that they also exemplify.
相似文献
Maria Caama?oEmail: |
887.
María Dimitropoulou Jon Andoni Du?abeitia Panagiotis Blitsas Manuel Carreiras 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(2):584-589
The appropriate selection of both pictorial and linguistic experimental stimuli requires a previous languagespecific standardization
process of the materials across different variables. Considering that such normative data have not yet been collected for
Modern Greek, in this study normative data for the color version of the Snodgrass and Vanderwart picture set (Rossion & Pourtois,
2004) were collected from 330 native Greek adults. Participants named the pictures (providing name agreement ratings) and
rated them for visual complexity and age of acquisition. The obtained measures represent a useful tool for further research
on Greek language processing and constitute the first picture normative study for this language. The picture norms from this
study and previous ones may be downloaded from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
888.
889.
Bard KA 《Animal cognition》2007,10(2):233-242
Primate species differ in their imitative performance, perhaps reflecting differences in imitative capacity. The developmentally
earliest form of imitation in humans, neonatal imitation, occurs in early interactions with social partners, and may be a
more accurate index of innate capacity than imitation of actions on objects, which requires more cognitive ability. This study
assessed imitative capacity in five neonatal chimpanzees, within a narrow age range (7–15 days of age), by testing responses
to facial and vocal actions with two different test paradigms (structured and communicative). Imitation of mouth opening was
found in both paradigms. In the communicative paradigm, significant agreement was found between infant actions and demonstrations.
Additionally, chimpanzees matched the sequence of three actions of the TC model, but only on the second demonstration. Newborn
chimpanzees matched more modeled actions in the communicative test than in the structured paradigm. These performances of
chimpanzees, at birth, are in agreement with the literature, supporting a conclusion that imitative capacity is not unique
to the human species. Developmental histories must be more fully considered in the cross-species study of imitation, as there
is a greater degree of innate imitative capacity than previously known. Socialization practices interact with innate and developing
competencies to determine the outcome of imitation tests later in life. 相似文献
890.
W Boucsein F Schaefer E N Sokolov C Schr?der J J Furedy 《Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science》2001,36(2):137-153
A framework for accounting for emotional phenomena proposed by Sokolov and Boucsein (2000) employs conceptual dimensions that parallel those of hue, brightness, and saturation in color vision. The approach that employs the concepts of emotional quality. intensity, and saturation has been supported by psychophysical emotional scaling data gathered from a few trained observers. We report cortical evoked potential data obtained during the change between different emotions expressed in schematic faces. Twenty-five subjects (13 male, 12 female) were presented with a positive, a negative, and a neutral computer-generated face with random interstimulus intervals in a within-subjects design, together with four meaningful and four meaningless control stimuli made up from the same elements. Frontal, central, parietal, and temporal ERPs were recorded from each hemisphere. Statistically significant outcomes in the P300 and N200 range support the potential fruitfulness of the proposed color-vision-model-based approach to human emotional space. 相似文献