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51.
Cornelia Hamann Stphanie Ohayon Sbastien Dub Ulrich H. Frauenfelder Luigi Rizzi Michal Starke Pascal Zesiger 《Developmental science》2003,6(2):151-158
This paper presents an exploratory study of the spontaneous production of 11 French children clinically diagnosed as specific language impaired (SLI). In a cross‐sectional study of the children under and over 5 years of age, we investigate the production of finite and non‐finite verbal forms, of sentences with overt and null subjects, and of pronominal clitics. A comparison between younger and older children with SLI highlights developmental patterns which parallel normal syntactic development in important respects, though at a slower pace. An area of difficulty which clearly persists for the older group involves the domain of pronominal complement clitics. 相似文献
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Abstract— The "flash of insight" sometimes observed m problem solving and in scientific discovery has been thought to be due to a sudden cognitive restructuring of the problem situation Direct confirmation of restructuring has been difficult without an independent procedure Graph structures were derived from judgments of concept relatedness made by subjects who had an insight and by several groups who either did not or could not have the insight The graphs of the solvers differed from the graphs of subjects who tried and failed, those who listened to the solvers, and those who were given the solution When other subjects in a subsequent experiment repeatedly judged similarity of pairs of Concepts, there was evidence that those lections critical to the new cognitive order were targeted long before there was the breathtaking cognitive reorganization 相似文献
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Cornelia Fitger 《Psychological research》1976,39(2):113-135
Summary The capacity to estimate the orientation of an object with respect to gravity was investigated by having Ss rotate a tactile-kinesthetically (tk) perceived bar (under exclusion of all visual cues) to the subjective horizontal. The 1st experiment was conducted to compare tk judgements with the visual judgements obtained by Udo de Haes (1970a,b) about an object's orientation in order to study the underlying mechanism, particularly to show possible vestibular influence, if any. For this purpose Ss were required to orient the tk-perceived bar while subjected to changes in both the magnitude (by centrifugation) and the direction (by tilting the body) of the gravitational force. Great variability of S's adjustments in the nearly inverted body positions (120°, 150°), indicating a low stability of spatial orientation in this range, was common to both tk and visual estimations. The relationship between body tilt and the corresponding judgement about the object's orientation, was however different for the two systems: No linear proportionality to the shear force in the utricles, as was established earlier in the visual experiments of Udo de Haes, was found in the tk settings. Vestibular influence was further studied in the 2nd experiment by comparing bar adjustments of the right hand with those of the left hand. Increasing angles of body tilt produced similar results in the responses of both hands although shifted differently from the true values. Standard deviations of left-hand settings were lower than those of right-hand ones. Reactions to increased gravity differed between hands. In the 3rd experiment the hand-weight alone, not the whole gravitational force, was increased. A direct effect of gravity on the adjusting hand was found. It was concluded that 1) the underlying mechanisms for tk and visual space estimations with respect to gravity are different; 2) with the given tk stimulation vestibular influence is not recognizable; 3) muscle receptors are probably significant, in addition to joint receptors, for this mode of space estimation, and 4) both arms may represent a system to perceive the direction of gravity independent of each other and of the labyrinth. 相似文献
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Echo phonology was originally proposed to account for obligatory coordination of manual and mouth articulations observed in several sign languages. However, previous research into the phenomenon lacks clear criteria for which components of movement can or must be copied when the articulators are so different. Nor is there discussion of which nonmanual articulators can echo manual movement. Given the prosodic properties of echoes (coordination of onset/offset and of dynamics such as speed) as well as general motoric coordination of various articulators in the human body, we expect that the mouth is not the only nonmanual articulator involved in echo phonology. In this study, we look at a fixed set of lexical items across 36 sign languages and establish that the head can echo manual movement with respect to timing and to the axis/axes of manual movement. We propose that what matters in echo phonology is the visual percept of temporally coordinated movement that repeats a salient movement property in such a way as to give the visual impression of a copy. Our findings suggest that echoes are not obligatory motor couplings of two or more articulators but may enhance phonological distinctions that are otherwise difficult to see. 相似文献
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The present research introduces the concept of decisional fit. A decision maker experiences decisional fit when the individually preferred decision strategy fits the actually applied strategy. In accordance to other fit‐concepts in psychology (e.g., person–environment fit), we expected positive effects of decisional fit. Five studies examine the effects of a fit between the individual preference for intuition and deliberation (PID) and the actually used decision strategy (intuition or deliberation). A comparison of extreme types (according to participants' values on the PID scale) revealed that decisional fit enhances the perceived value of the chosen or evaluated object (Studies 1–3). In Studies 4 and 5, participants experienced less regret after decisional fit. The findings highlight the importance of considering individual differences when comparing intuitive and deliberate decision making, because strategy preferences interact with applied strategies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Norbert Grulke Gerd Blaser Michael Geyer Elmar Brähler Cornelia Albani 《Mental health, religion & culture》2013,16(3):203-213
Forgiveness is a core value within Christianity and many other religions, but it is unclear whether valuing forgiveness results in individuals being more forgiving. This study examines the effect of Christian religious belief on forgiveness; tests the theoretical speculation that trust fosters forgiveness; explores the effect of cynicism, and examines age effects on forgiveness with a British sample. Christian clergy (N?=?209), general population samples of Christians (N?=?176), and a group with NRA (N?=?65) completed the Heartland Forgiveness Scale measuring forgiveness of self, others, and situations, and measures of trust, cynicism, and the importance of forgiveness. The clergy score higher on total forgiveness, forgiveness of self, others, and situations; rate forgiveness as being more important; are more trusting; and are less cynical than the Christian and no religious affiliation (NRA) samples in the general population. While the Christian sample value forgiveness more than the NRA group, they are not more forgiving on any of the measures tested. Age is a significant predictor only for situational forgiveness. Trust is not a positive mediator of forgiveness for any of the participant groups, and neither is cynicism a negative mediator of forgiveness. 相似文献
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Previous studies (Case, 1985; Siegler, 1981) have shown that children under the age of 5 years have little understanding of balance scales when required to encode the influence of weight or distance from the fulcrum. More recently, however, Halford, Andrews, Dalton, Boag, and Zielinski (2002) noted that an understanding based on weight alone is present even in 2-year-olds. In all these experiments, weight was varied using multiple objects of the same weight. Consequently, the children's decisions could have been based upon visual features (size, number) without necessarily taking the weight into account. The present study investigated whether young children are able to correctly encode the relevance of weight in influencing the behavior of a balance scale. We studied how well 3- to 4-year-old children learn to use one of two different weights (of equal appearance) to tip the scale. In the plausible condition, the heavy weight produced the desired outcome. In the implausible condition, the light weight caused the scale to tip. Only 4-year-olds' performance differed between conditions by learning more effectively in the plausible than the implausible condition. Our results suggest that children younger than 4 years of age have not yet developed clear expectations of the role of weights on the movements of a balance scale. 相似文献
60.
Binghuang Duan Cornelia Heintze Karin Vogel Shavkat Akhmadaliev Tieshan Wang 《Philosophical Magazine Letters》2013,93(12):536-546
ABSTRACTTo study the nature of irradiation-induced nanofeatures in oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) Fe-Cr alloys, post-irradiation isochronal thermal annealing up to 600°C was performed for ODS Fe-9%Cr and Fe-14%Cr alloys ion-irradiated at 300°C and 500°C. Nanoindentation indicated hardening for all as-irradiated alloys and complete hardness recovery upon post-irradiation annealing. Cross-sectional TEM indicated an irradiation-induced defect band near peak damage mainly consisting of dislocation loops. Candidate mechanisms of recovery were critically evaluated. Shrinkage of loops via capture of thermal vacancies was found to correctly reflect the annealing behaviour of ODS Fe-9Cr irradiated at 300°C. 相似文献