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901.
This paper reviews the scattered and diffuse literature on the tolerance of ambiguity construct (AT). The work by Frenkel-Brunswik
(1948) is considered in some detail to help explain the origin of the concept as well as its diffusion to many areas of psychology.
Second, thirty years of correlational research, which looks at the studies correlating AT measures with a variety of psychological
variables, are reviewed. Third, evidence for the differential distribution of AT among particular groups is reviewed. Fourth,
the psychometric properties of the various self-report AT measures are considered in some detail. The two final sections look
at organizational and cultural correlates of AT (the areas currently most interested in the AT concept). The conclusion attempts
to explain varying patterns of interest in the AT construct and its current status. 相似文献
902.
This study investigated the effects of mood induction on Stroop color-naming times for threat-related words. The subjects’
task was to color-name sets of threat-related words and affectively neutral matched control words both before and after mood-induction.
Subjects were shown a short film about the medical effects of nuclear war (negative affect manipulation), a humorous cartoon,
or no film. A significant and highly reliable color-naming decrement of the threat-related words was observed only after the
negative affect manipulation. This indicates that the attentional bias towards the processing of threat-related material observed
in clinically anxious or high Trait-Anxious subjects can be induced in initially nonanxious subjects. An incidental recall
task included in the procedure provided no evidence of mood state dependent recall. 相似文献
903.
Wayne D. Parker Karen Kittler Adkins 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1995,17(4):323-334
The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), developed by Frost, Marten, Lahart, and Rosenblate (1990), was constructed using an all female sample at an elite university. This study examined the psychometric properties of the instrument using a more typical sample (n=278) of college students from a large state university and a small liberal arts college, both located in the South. Significant differences were found on the overall MPS score as well as six of the seven subscales between this sample and that of Frostet al. No gender differences were found for any of the MPS scores. Internal reliability was found to be .88 for the total score, with subtests ranging from .57 to .95. Interscore correlations were relatively consistent with the Frostet al. sample except for a negative correlation between the PS subscale and the total score. There was a strong confirmation of the underlying factor structure reported by Frostet al. The overall impression was that the MPS is a psychometrically sound instrument of potential value in studying the construct of perfectionism. 相似文献
904.
Three experiments investigated the hypothesis that self-reference at encoding increases the probability of recollective experience in recognition memory. In all three experiments separate groups of subjects studied words naming personality traits. One group judged the self-relevance of the traits, the other groups performed orientating tasks low in self-reference. In a recognition test subjects first identified old items and then indicated which of these were accompanied by recollective experience ('remember' responses) and which were recognized on some other basis ('know' responses). No reliable differences in overall recognition performance between self-referent and semantic encoding tasks were observed. However, subjects who encoded trait adjectives with reference to the self produced reliably more remember responses and few know responses than subjects who had encoded the items in the low self-referent tasks. Experiment 1 demonstrated a self-reference effect in recognition accompanied by recollective experience after 1-hour retention interval, while Experiment 2 found this effect to persist over a 24-hour retention interval. Experiment 3 demonstrated that this self-reference effect is obtained under incidental as well as under intentional learning conditions. Taken together these findings demonstrate the importance of self-reference as a factor in determining the likelihood that recognition judgements will be accompanied by recollective experience. 相似文献
905.
Selection of subjects for the final two years of secondary schooling is a task of vital importance for the adolescent. Data from 1,048 16-year-olds in Australia are reported. The findings suggest that many adolescents do not seek or do not access the information which is necessary for rational decision-making. Adolescents are, however, able to differentiate between information sources on the basis of their usefulness. Implications for career advisers are discussed. 相似文献
906.
Male and female respondents rated jokes with either a female initiator/male target of joke or vice versa. For male respondents,
the gender of the joke target made no difference. For female respondents, however, jokes with males as the target received
significantly higher ratings than jokes with females as the target. 相似文献
907.
The role of oral stimulation in the control of ingestive behavior was investigated using an airlicking procedure. It was hypothesized
that the oral experience of airlicking would inhibit subsequent ingestive activity (water intake), possibly via an habituation
process as suggested by recent research (Swithers, 1996). Rats were implanted with gastric cannulas and trained to lick at
a stream of air. Experimental conditions con-sisted of combinations of airlicking and intragastric hydration followed by oral
intake of water. In support of the main hypothesis, airlicking did reduce subsequent ingestive activity. While the role of
habituation was not tested directly, the results lend support to the proposal that oral stimulation does control ingestion,
and this control could act through an habituation process. 相似文献
908.
The study examined the job-search intentions and subsequent behavior of 32 unemployed males and 32 unemployed females, median
age of 43 years, in relation to conscientiousness and the lower-order trait procrastination and to rated person-task characteristics
of importance, pleasantness, and competence regarding 14 job-search activities. At Time 1, conscientiousness was positively
related to each of the person-task characteristics and to intentions to engage in the composite of job-search activities;
trait procrastination was not. At Time 2, two weeks later, trait procrastination predicted self-reported job-search behaviors,
controlling for initial intentions, with pro-crastinators exhibiting less job-search activity in the two week interim, compared
to nonprocrastinators. Both conscientiousness and trait procrastination were related to a direct self-report measure of dilatory
behavior. The three person-task characteristics were found to mediate the relation of conscientiousness to job-search intentions
and to dilatory behavior. In addition, perceived task pleasantness moderated the relation of conscientiousness to job-search
behavior, controlling for intentions, such that higher levels of conscientiousness were associated with increases in behavior
only under conditions of low task pleasantness. Discussion centered on the prominent role of the person-task characteristics
and on the place of conscientiousness and trait procrastination in predicting intentions and behavior. 相似文献
909.
In concurrent-chains schedules, pigeons prefer terminal links that provide two keys correlated with reinforcers (free choice) over those that provide only one key (forced choice), terminal-link reinforcement rates being equal. With same-size keys, free choice provides a larger area available for pecking. Preferences were examined using terminal links that differed in key number only (one or two) or key size only (small and medium or medium and large), or that equated the area of the two free-choice keys with that of the forced-choice key. Medium (standard) keys were typically preferred to small keys, but indifference was typically obtained between medium and large keys. The size preference usually overrode free-choice preference with one medium key pitted against two small keys, but free-choice preference was reliably observed with one large key pitted against two medium keys. In other words, preferences were a joint function of key number and key area, implying that free-choice preference is not reducible to preference for larger key areas. Free-choice preference requires separate keys rather than larger areas; the relevant behavioral units are the discriminated operants correlated with each terminal-link key rather than classes defined by topographical features such as area or perimeter. 相似文献
910.