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121.
Emotional material rarely occurs in isolation; rather it is experienced in the spatial and temporal proximity of less emotional items. Some previous researchers have found that emotional stimuli impair memory for surrounding information, whereas others have reported evidence for memory facilitation. Researchers have not determined which types of emotional items or memory tests produce effects that carry over to surrounding items. Six experiments are reported that measured carryover from emotional words varying in arousal to temporally adjacent neutral words. Taboo, non-taboo emotional, and neutral words were compared using different stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs), recognition and recall tests, and intentional and incidental memory instructions. Strong emotional memory effects were obtained in all six experiments. However, emotional items influenced memory for temporally adjacent words under limited conditions. Words following taboo words were more poorly remembered than words following neutral words when relatively short SOAs were employed. Words preceding taboo words were affected only when recall tests and relatively short retention intervals were used. These results suggest that increased attention to the emotional items sometimes produces emotional carryover effects; however, retrieval processes also contribute to retrograde amnesia and may extend the conditions under which anterograde amnesia is observed. 相似文献
122.
Karen D. Rudolph Constance Hammen Dorli Burge 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1997,25(1):33-45
Cognitive and interpersonal aspects of depressive symptoms were investigated in a community sample of children. Eighty-one 8- to 12-year-olds completed scales assessing cognitive representations of social relationships and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Teachers provided ratings of peer rejection. Children with elevated levels of depressive symptoms displayed increased negativity in their beliefs about self, family, and peers, as well as distinct patterns of interpersonal information processing. Anxiety symptoms did not make a unique contribution beyond depression to negative representations of family and peers; in contrast, symptom-specific profiles of self-representations were found. Structural equation analysis supported a model linking negative interpersonal representations, peer rejection, and depressive symptoms. The findings suggest that future studies may benefit from approaches that incorporate both cognitive and interpersonal variables as predictors of child depression. 相似文献
123.
Fred J. Hanna Constance A. Hanna Susan G. Keys 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1999,77(4):395-404
Fifty strategies for establishing and maintaining a therapeutic relationship with defiant, aggressive adolescents are offered. Many of these are taken from the literature, whereas others are unique to this article. A variety of strategies, ranging from reframes to the use of paradox are provided, and take a transtheoretical approach using ideas from cognitive behavioral as well as existential, Gestalt, psychodynamic, and multicultural therapies. Strategies are arranged under 3 categories: reaching, accepting, and relating. The strong desire of defiant adolescents for freedom and autonomy is also discussed, with suggestions for using this in motivating defiant adolescents to work in counseling. 相似文献
124.
Bernard Spilka Ph.D. John D. Spangler Ph.D. Constance B. Nelson Ph.D. 《Journal of religion and health》1983,22(2):98-104
This work evaluated the experiences of 45 patients of children with cancer and 101 cancer patients with their home pastors
and hospital chaplains. The sttisfactions and difficulties enountered in these interactions are detailed, and recommendations
are offered to aid persons in acute distress. Individuals in these circumstances appear to desire spiritual support more than
evident psychologial aid, though the skillful use of the latter to understant the religious desires of the patients and parents
is appreciated. It is also evident that pastors dealing which problems related to potential terminality are themselves under
considerble stress. 相似文献
125.
Constance Hammen 《American journal of community psychology》1992,20(2):179-193
Although we certainly agree with Beck's original ideas that depression results from people's negative interpretations of events, unlike Beck we believe that many of the interpretations are not necessarily distortions. Awful and difficult events happen to many people, and many depressions are preceded by truly negative life stressors. We propose that stressors result both from fate and from human agency. And maybe we will get as much mileage from studies of individual differences in stress generation and stress resolution as from a previous round of studies of individual differences in cognitions about stress. How do people create and manage their environments? Just as the study of depression has profited enormously from exploring its antecedent social context, we propose that even stressful events need to be studied in context—especially the interpersonal and family context. These processes shift over time and have mutual influences on each other. This leads to some very complex multigenerational, historical, transactional, and cognitive models, and that is what I meant when I titled this work “the plot thickens.” 相似文献
126.
127.
Constance L Hollinger 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》1984,24(1):15-27
According to gender schema theory (S. L. Bem, Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 1981, 88, 354–364), gender schematic processing not only restricts assimilation of information into the self-concept to that which is congruent with the gender schema but also restricts the individual's response patterns in that responses are based on gender schema congruence or incongruence rather than upon a complete memory search. As a result of such gender schematic processing, the response patterns of gifted and talented female adolescents on Holland's (1977) Self Directed Search (SDS) should vary as a function of their gender schema. Multivariate and univariate analyses of variance were conducted on the SDS responses of 284 gifted and talented female adolescents to test whether sex-typed female adolescents would score significantly higher on the gender congruent Social, Artistic, and Conventional dimensions while scoring significantly lower on the gender incongruent Investigative, Enterprising, and Realistic dimensions than did their cross sex-typed counterparts. The results indicated that while SDS total scores did vary significantly as a function of gender group, the direction of noted group differences failed to provide consistent support for predictions derived from gender schema theory. An alternative interpretation based on a generalization of Gottfredson's theory is discussed. 相似文献
128.
129.
Constance Lizotte Spreadbury Joy Bennett Reeves 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1979,57(7):338-340
The primary objective of this study was to determine which of two sociological theories of dating preference was more powerful in predicting women's actual dating frequency. The two theories tested were Waller's theory, which emphasizes physical attractiveness, and Blood's theory, which emphasizes personality. The present study supported Waller's theory. Discussion and implications for women and counselors are presented. 相似文献
130.
Constance Flanagan 《European Journal of Developmental Psychology》2018,15(3):355-359
AbstractThe current generation of European youth is coming of age in the European Union. Compared to the generation of their parents and grandparents, this generation has been afforded new opportunities of travel and employment that transcends the borders of nations. How is this new reality experienced by youth from different European nations and from different social classes? Do younger generations feel more of a connection to their European identity, to their national identity, or to both? Such questions are addressed in the papers of this special issue, which draw data from the EU Horizon 2020 Constructing Active Citizenship with European Youth (CATCH-EyoU) project. Together these studies suggest that to address these questions we need to decompose who the youth are and what the historical context of their experience is. For example, youth from higher socio-economic status families living in post-communist or low wealth nations differ in their loyalties and commitment to the EU, compared to their counterparts. The papers in this special issue reveal important insights as well as gaps in the scholarship concerning youth active citizenship at the European level. 相似文献