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61.
Children’s perceptions of the emotional reactions of same- and different-sex characters in stories containing ambiguous and
unambiguous emotional contexts were examined. According to the Parallel-Constraint-Satisfaction Theory (Kunda and Thagard.
Psychological Review, 103, 284–308, 1996), stereotypes are more likely to be utilized in ambiguous contexts, defined here as those likely to elicit
multiple emotional responses. Seventy suburban U.S. preschoolers were read vignettes describing boys or girls in ambiguous
or unambiguous emotion-inducing events and reported how the vignette characters were feeling. Results suggest that the perceptions
of participants were more likely to reflect gender–emotion stereotypes (e.g. perceiving males as angry and females as sad)
in ambiguous contexts than in unambiguous contexts. Results are discussed in terms of children’s emerging understanding of
gender–emotion stereotypes. 相似文献
62.
Cunningham CE Deal K Rimas H Buchanan DH Gold M Sdao-Jarvie K Boyle M 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(7):1123-1138
Although materials informing parents about children’s mental health (CMH) problems can improve outcomes, we know relatively
little about the design factors that might influence their utilization of available resources. We used a discrete choice conjoint
experiment to model the information preferences of parents seeking mental health services for 6 to 18 year olds. Parents completed
30 choice tasks presenting experimentally varied combinations of 20 four-level CMH information content, transfer process,
and outcome attributes. Latent class analysis revealed three segments with different preferences. Parents in the Action segment
(43%) chose materials providing step-by-step solutions to behavioral or emotional problems. They preferred weekly meetings
with other parents and coaching calls from a therapist. The Information segment (41%) chose materials helping them understand
rather than solve their child’s problems. These parents were more sensitive to logistical factors such as receiving information
in groups, the location where information was available, the modality in which the information was presented, and the time
required to obtain and use the information. The Overwhelmed segment (16%) reported more oppositional and conduct problems,
felt their children’s difficulties exerted a greater adverse impact on family functioning, and reported higher personal depression
scores than those in the Action or Information segments. Nonetheless, they did not choose information about, or solutions
to, the problems their children presented. Simulations predicted that maximizing utilization and realizing the potential benefits
of CMH information would require knowledge transfer strategies consistent with each segment’s preferences.
相似文献
Charles E. CunninghamEmail: |
63.
Verheul R Andrea H Berghout CC Dolan C Busschbach JJ van der Kroft PJ Bateman AW Fonagy P 《心理评价》2008,20(1):23-34
This article describes a series of studies involving 2,730 participants on the development and validity testing of the Severity Indices of Personality Problems (SIPP), a self-report questionnaire covering important core components of (mal)adaptive personality functioning. Results show that the 16 facets constituted homogeneous item clusters (i.e., unidimensional and internally consistent parcels) that fit well into 5 clinically interpretable, higher order domains: self-control, identity integration, relational capacities, social concordance, and responsibility. These domains appeared to have good concurrent validity across various populations, good convergent validity in terms of associations with interview ratings of the severity of personality pathology, and good discriminant validity in terms of associations with trait-based personality disorder dimensions. Furthermore, results suggest that the domain scores are stable over a time interval of 14-21 days in a student sample but are sensitive to change over a 2-year follow-up interval in a treated patient population. Taken together, the final instrument, the SIPP-118, provides a set of 5 reliable, valid, and efficient indices of the core components of (mal)adaptive personality functioning. 相似文献
64.
An important function of the self is to identify external objects that are potentially personally relevant. We suggest that such objects may be identified through mere ownership. Extant research suggests that encoding information in a self-relevant context enhances memory (the so-called 'self-reference effect'), thus an experiment was designed to test the impact of ownership on memory performance. Participants either moved or observed the movement of picture cards into two baskets; one of which belonged to self and one which belonged to another participant. A subsequent recognition test revealed that there was a significant memory advantage for objects that were owned by self. Acting on items (i.e., moving them) had no impact on memory. Results are discussed with reference to the importance of self-object associations in cognition. 相似文献
65.
Cunningham GB 《The Journal of social psychology》2008,148(5):595-608
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of friendship potential on perceptions of dissimilarity among persons in diverse groups. The author gathered data at the beginning and end of a 15-week semester from college students enrolled in physical activity classes. Structural equation modeling indicated that friendship potential was negatively related to perceptions of deep-level dissimilarity at the end of the semester. This relation was moderated by perceptions of such dissimilarity at the beginning of the semester. The author found the perceived dissimilarity to be negatively associated with affective reactions to the class. The author discusses findings in terms of contributions and implications for diverse groups. 相似文献
66.
The purpose of the current study was to examine the influence of perceived demographic dissimilarity and interaction on customer‐service satisfaction. Data were collected from 301 spectators at a professional men's tennis tournament. Results indicate that perceived demographic dissimilarity was negatively associated with customer service satisfaction. Further, this relationship was moderated by the amount of interaction between the employee and customer, such that the negative relationship was strongest when interaction was high. Results are discussed in terms of the theoretical implications related to relational demography and practical implications in terms of the “business case” for diversity. 相似文献
67.
The effects of pregnancy on hiring decisions during employment interviews are examined in a United States sample of 210 undergraduate
business school students at a Midwestern university. A pregnant applicant was compared to a non-pregnant applicant with identical
credentials and interview performance to explore any differences in interviewer ratings of qualifications and hiring by having
participants view videotaped interviews. Results show that in spite of being viewed as equally qualified and well-suited for
the job, the pregnant applicant received significantly lower hiring recommendation ratings. The pregnant applicant was also
rated as more likely to need time off, miss work and quit compared to the non-pregnant applicant, indicating a concern about
absenteeism regarding the pregnant applicant. 相似文献
68.
We evaluated the effects of a behavioral treatment on the safe passing of sharp instruments using the hands-free technique among hospital operating room personnel during surgical procedures. Treatment consisted of participative goal setting, task clarification, and feedback. The average percentage of sharp instruments passed safely increased from 32% to 64% and 31% to 70% between baseline and treatment phases in the inpatient and outpatient surgery units, respectively. Five-month follow-up data suggested maintenance of treatment effects. These findings suggest the utility of organizational behavior management strategies in reducing risky behavior in hospital settings. 相似文献
69.
This study explored relationships between perceptions of intra-team communication and role ambiguity within an interdependent team sport environment. Participants were 116 intercollegiate-level team sport athletes ( M age = 20.6 years). For males, the intra-team communication dimension of acceptance was found to predict the majority of role ambiguity dimensions for both performance contexts of offense and defense (.09 ≤ R 2 adj. ≤ .16). However, limited support for this relationship was found for females, as acceptance communication predicted only one role ambiguity dimension (evaluation of role performance on defense). These findings have implications for applied practice in terms of reducing group members' perceptions of role ambiguity in interdependent team sport. 相似文献
70.
ABSTRACT— Recent work has found support for two dissociable and parallel neural subsystems underlying object and shape recognition in the visual domain: an abstract-category subsystem that operates more effectively in the left cerebral hemisphere than in the right, and a specific-exemplar subsystem that operates more effectively in the right hemisphere than in the left. Evidence of this asymmetry has been observed for linguistic stimuli (words, pseudoword forms) and nonlinguistic stimuli (objects). In the auditory domain, we previously found hemispheric asymmetries in priming effects using linguistic stimuli (spoken words). In the present study, we conducted four long-term repetition-priming experiments to investigate whether such hemispheric asymmetries would be observed for nonlinguistic auditory stimuli (environmental sounds) as well. The results support the dissociable-subsystems theory. Specificity effects were obtained when sounds were presented to the left ear (right hemisphere), but not when sounds were presented to the right ear (left hemisphere). Theoretical implications are discussed. 相似文献