《太极图说》道教渊源新探——兼论“无极而太极”之说的形成

《太极图说》与道教的关系是周敦颐思想研究过程中的一个重要问题。通过分析《太极图说》的内在理路,可以发现《太极图说》表达的是“时间在先”的宇宙生成意,其首句应为“自无极而生太极”。结合周敦颐在《咏阴仙丹诀诗》中自述其与宋初道士陈抟思想的关系,能够看出《太极图说》的“自无极而生太极”是直接源自于道教的宇宙生成理论。当朱熹面对《太极图说》的三个不同传本,为调和《太极图说》与其自身思想的关系,他选择了“无极而太极”作为《图说》的首句,进而否定了《图说》的道教渊源。     

咀嚼口香糖对认知及情绪的影响

本文系统地综述了近期关于咀嚼口香糖对负性情绪调节和认知功能的影响,以及咀嚼口香糖的脑机制的实验研究.这些研究发现,咀嚼口香糖对人们的负性情绪调节,注意、记忆、学习等认知功能起到了积极的促进作用,咀嚼口香糖所激活的脑区与负责运动、记忆、注意和情绪等高级功能的脑区有一定的重叠.     

时序信息和空间信息在工作记忆中的分离存储

采用相对新近性判断范式（judgments of relative recency）,通过三个实验探讨了工作记忆中时序信息和空间信息的存储方式及其关系。实验一比较了有无空间线索两种条件下时序信息的记忆绩效,结果发现,有无空间线索并不影响对时序信．E-的记忆。实验二和实验三通过控制刺激呈现的视野范围和减少呈现位置的不确定性来利化空间线索,结果表明,时序信息的记忆绩效也不受空间线索的影响。由此推论,工作记忆中的时序信息和空间信息是分离编码存储的,加入空间线索并不能提高时序信息的记忆绩效。     

Analytic Tableau Systems and Interpolation for the Modal Logics KB, KDB, K5, KD5

We give complete sequent-like tableau systems for the modal logics KB, KDB, K5, and KD5. Analytic cut rules are used to obtain the completeness. Our systems have the analytic superformula property and can thus give a decision procedure. Using the systems, we prove the Craig interpolation lemma for the mentioned logics.     

Simultaneous behavioral and neural (cochlear nucleus) measurement during signal detection in the rabbit

Classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane (NM) response was adapted as a model system for simultaneous measurement of behavioral and neural responses in auditory signal detection. Animals were trained to a 36-dB spectral-level white-noise CS paired with a corneal airpuff US. The CS intensity was then reduced to threshold, using a modified staircase procedure, and responses on detect and nondetect trials were compared for the same stimulus intensities. At threshold, the behavioral NM response was dichotomous, being present on detect trials and completely absent on nondetect trials. In marked contrast, evoked neural unit activity to the CS recorded from the anteroventral cochlear nucleus was clearly present and identical on both detect and nondetect trials, suggesting that the detection “decision” is made more centrally than the cochlear nucleus.     

Do Our Facebook Friends Make Us Feel Worse? A Study of Social Comparison and Emotion

People often compare themselves to others to gain a better understanding of the self in a process known as social comparison. The current study discusses how people engage in a social comparison process on Facebook, and how observing content from their Facebook friends may affect their emotions. A 2 (comparison direction) × 2 (relational closeness) × 2 (self‐esteem) between‐subjects experiment was conducted with 163 adult participants. The results revealed a significant 3‐way interaction such that people with high self‐esteem would be happier receiving positive information than negative information from their close friends, but the effect would be the opposite if the information was from a distant friend. There was no such difference for people with low self‐esteem.     

康德的道德哲学对罗尔斯正义理论的影响

康德的道德哲学深深影响到罗尔斯的正义理论,这不仅表现在宏观的理论结构、方法和价值旨趣上,还表现在一些微观的概念上,比如自律与定言命令等。罗尔斯的正义理论在关键的地方依赖康德的一些假定,但他对康德的继承又是创造性的,也是对康德理论疑难的一种澄清和解决。     

Strain-dependent differences in LTP and hippocampus-dependent memory in inbred mice

Many studies have used "reverse" genetics to produce "knock-out" and transgenic mice to explore the roles of various molecules in long-term potentiation (LTP) and spatial memory. The existence of a variety of inbred strains of mice provides an additional way of exploring the genetic bases of learning and memory. We examined behavioral memory and LTP expression in area CA1 of hippocampal slices prepared from four different inbred strains of mice: C57BL/6J, CBA/J, DBA/2J, and 129/SvEms-+(Ter?)/J. We found that LTP induced by four 100-Hz trains of stimulation was robust and long-lasting in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice but decayed in CBA/J and 129/SvEms-+(Ter?)/J mice. LTP induced by one 100-Hz train was significantly smaller after 1 hr in the 129/SvEms-+(Ter?)/J mice than in the other three strains. Theta-burst LTP was shorter lasting in CBA/J, DBA/2J, and 129/SvEms-+(Ter?)/J mice than in C57BL/6J mice. We also observed specific memory deficits, among particular mouse strains, in spatial and nonspatial tests of hippocampus-dependent memory. CBA/J mice showed defective learning in the Morris water maze, and both DBA/2J and CBA/J strains displayed deficient long-term memory in contextual and cued fear conditioning tests. Our findings provide strong support for a genetic basis for some forms of synaptic plasticity that are linked to behavioral long-term memory and suggest that genetic background can influence the electrophysiological and behavioral phenotypes observed in genetically modified mice generated for elucidating the molecular bases of learning, memory, and LTP.     

Imitation of a two-action sequence by pigeons

Developmental psychologists have describedimitation as a process that suggests perspective-taking abilities. However, imitative behavior has been found in animals, which are generally not considered capable of taking the perspective of another. Previous studies with birds have demonstrated the imitation of a single response (sometimes referred to asaction-level imitation). In the present experiment, we examined the extent to which pigeons would imitate an unfamiliar sequence of two behaviors (sometimes referred to asprogram-level imitation). Our results indicate that, although there are individual differences, pigeons show a significant tendency to match a demonstrated sequence of behavior involving, first, a response to a treadle (pecking at it or stepping on it) and, second, pushing aside a screen that blocks access to food (a left-vs.-right push).