Birth Defects,Causal Attributions,and Ethnicity in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study

In order to translate research findings into effective prevention strategies, it is important to understand people's beliefs about the causes of poor health outcomes. However, with the exception of knowledge and beliefs about folic acid supplementation, little is known regarding women's causal attributions women regarding birth defects. We employed Attribution Theory constructs to analyze open-text interview responses from 2,672 control mothers in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study who gave birth in 1997–2005. Common themes included use of alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, and medications during pregnancy. Stress and emotional upset were also suggested as possible causes of birth defects. Genetic- and heredity-related responses were more likely to be mentioned by Asian/Pacific Islander women compared to non-Hispanic Whites. Hispanic women were less likely to suggest several specific possible teratogens, such as paint, pesticides, or other chemicals, but were more likely to suggest events occurring during childbirth. Differences also emerged among ethnic groups for theoretical constructs, although most responses were categorized as controllable, changeable over time, and with an internal locus of causality.     

海马CA_3区在长时记忆的保持中的作用

本工作将M-胆碱能受体阻断剂东莨菪碱,r-氨基丁酸及其受体阻断剂印防己毒素,经埋植的慢性导管注入家兔双侧海马CA_3区,观察上述药物对已巩固的操作式食物性条件反应的影响。发现东莨菪碱(每侧45微克/5微升)、r-氨基丁酸(每侧3毫克/5微升)均使条件反应抑制;若注r-氨基丁酸之前先加注印防己毒素,则抑制时间缩短,且剂量愈大时间更为缩短。抑制期间动物的摄食和运动功能正常,抑制后条件反应皆恢复;注生理盐水作自身对照则均无抑制效应。这表明海马CA_3区在长时记忆的保持上起着重要作用,且此种作用有胆碱能突触和GABA能突触参与。     

论医疗鉴定制度的完善

医疗鉴定是医疗纠纷处理的核心,当医患双方认可医疗鉴定的公正性、医疗鉴定程序的透明化时,我国的医疗鉴定制度才真正趋于完善。通过医疗事故技术鉴定和医疗损害司法鉴定的对比,提出医疗鉴定机构的设置、鉴定人员的选取、确保鉴定结论的公正等一系列制度。     

我国现阶段的卫生财政政策及其理念分析

系统地描述和总结了我国现行的卫生财政政策,分析了其理念,指出了其不足之处。政府应当担负起社会合作的责任,建立起卫生财政转移支付制度,在不同行政区域之间,在城市与农村之间,公平地分配公共卫生服务物品和基本医疗服务物品。以药品差价收入补偿医疗机构的卫生财政政策理念是有害的。     

从遗传学发展史看原创性科学研究的作用及特点

探讨原创性科学研究的作用及特点,从遗传学发展史中选取某些典型事例进行分析,遗传学的百年历史记载着一批遗传学大师们的原创性科学研究的光辉业绩,他们的研究工作具有共同的特点,但在某一方面又有独到之处.原创性科学研究是学科形成和发展的原动力.原创性科学研究主要包含四个特点:卓越的科研思想、巧妙的实验设计、恰当的材料选择、精辟的结果分析.     

白血病诱导分化治疗中的生态自然观

诱导分化是一种治疗白血病的新方法,它通过促使分化不完全的肿瘤细胞分化成熟,使恶性转为良性.临床应用全反式维甲酸(ATRA)和三氧化二砷(As2O3)诱导急性早幼粒细胞性白血病取得了较高的完全缓解率,毒副作用也较低.诱导分化治疗策略突破了将杀灭肿瘤细胞作为治疗肿瘤的惟一方法的思维局限,谋求在与白血病细胞的和谐中获得人类的健康,是生态自然观应用于医疗实践的成功范例.     

The utility of behavior contracts and behavior proclamations with advantaged senior high school students

The relative efficiency of behavioral contracts and behavioral proclamations was empirically appraised in a parochial high school setting. Subjects were a select group of academically oriented seniors studying Problems in Democracy. The study consisted of an intra-subject replication design with eight phases aimed at determining the controlling influences of the experimental conditions for increasing appropriate student behavior. Line graphs and percentage tables were employed to analyze observational data. Results supported the position that students attain higher rates of appropriate behavior when given the opportunity to assist in classroom management. Both behavioral proclamations and contracts proved superior to the standard classroom procedures of the baselines.     

Masculinity-femininity as a national characteristic and its relationship with national agoraphobic fear levels: Fodor's sex role hypothesis revitalized

Hofstede's dimension of national culture termed Masculinity-Femininity [. Cultures and organizations: software of the mind. London: McGraw-Hill] is proposed to be of relevance for understanding national-level differences in self-assessed agoraphobic fears. This prediction is based on the classical work of Fodor [. In: V. Franks & V. Burtle (Eds.), Women in therapy: new psychotherapies for a changing society. New York: Brunner/Mazel]. A unique data set comprising 11 countries (total N=5491 students) provided the opportunity of scrutinizing this issue. It was hypothesized and found that national Masculinity (the degree to which cultures delineate sex roles, with masculine or tough societies making clearer differentiations between the sexes than feminine or modest societies do) would correlate positively with national agoraphobic fear levels (as assessed with the Fear Survey Schedule-III). Following the correction for sex and age differences across national samples, a significant and large effect-sized national-level (ecological) r=+0.67 (P=0.01) was found. A highly feminine society such as Sweden had the lowest, whereas the champion among the masculine societies, Japan, had the highest national Agoraphobic fear score.     

High-Risk Behavior Among Young Adolescents in The Central and Northern Region of Peninsular Malaysia: Baseline Data from The MyHeART Study

The onset of high-risk behaviors in adolescents are associated with family, social and behavioral factors. This study aims to describe the prevalence of high-risk behaviors among young adolescents in Peninsular Malaysia and determine the relationship between high-risk behaviors and family sociodemographics and behaviors. The data utilized are from the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Study, a prospective cohort analysis conducted in three large states of Peninsular Malaysia: Selangor, Perak, and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. The sample included 13-year-old adolescents in their first year of secondary school. Students and parents or guardians were given separate, standardized self-administered questionnaire. A high-risk behavior variable was determined on the basis of exposure to substance use (tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs), gambling, and online pornography or violence. The exploratory variable of interest (family sociodemographics) was defined as parents’ demographics, employment status, education level, and socioeconomic status. The analysis included 1341 adolescents and 1146 parents. Of the school-going adolescents, 4.7?% (n?=?52) reported HRBs. Tobacco use (9?%, n?=?1 19) and watching pornography or violent content on the Internet (5?%, n?=?72) accounted for most of the behaviors, whereas illicit drug use contributed the least (2?%, n?=?32). More adolescents from the higher socioeconomic groups, than from the middle groups exhibited high-risk behaviors (odds ratio ?=?3.039, 95?% confidence interval?=?2.884–3.202); by contrast, the odds ratio of high-risk behavior among adolescents with a low socio-economic status was 2.246 (95?% CI?=?2.014–2.397). Future intervention programs for adolescents should focus on overcoming high-risk behaviors and sustain behavioral changes.