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221.
Elfman KW Parks CM Yonelinas AP 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2008,34(4):752-768
The authors assess whether the complementary learning systems model of the medial temporal lobes (Norman & O'Reilly, 2003) is able to account for source recognition receiver operating characteristics (ROCs). The model assumes that recognition reflects the contribution of a hippocampally mediated recollection process and a cortically mediated familiarity process. The hippocampal process is found to produce threshold output functions that lead to U-shaped zROCs, whereas the cortical process produces Gaussian signal detection functions and linear zROCs. The model is consistent with several dual process theories of recognition and is capable of producing the types of zROCs observed in studies of item and source recognition. In addition, the model makes the novel prediction that as the level of feature similarity across items increases, the ability of the hippocampus to encode distinct representations for each stimulus will diminish, and the threshold nature of recollection will break down, leading source zROCs to become more linear. The authors conducted 3 new behavioral source experiments that confirmed the model's prediction. The results demonstrate that the model provides a viable account of item and source recognition performance. 相似文献
222.
Philosophical Studies - 相似文献
223.
Philosophical Studies - 相似文献
224.
Australian health professional bodies promote the use of respite to ease carer burden, following well‐established findings that carers often face physical, mental, social, and financial strain while providing informal care. This narrative review examined the use and impacts of respite for older clients, with a particular focus on Australian research and on dementia respite. It was found that despite reports of high satisfaction from caregivers with respite use, barriers, such as caregiver concerns for the well‐being and safety of the care recipient during respite, limited flexibility for short‐notice respite booking, and low provision of support and education post respite, impacted on the accessibility and efficacy of respite care. It was concluded that respite care needs to move away from a custodial model to a more psychological model of care, and that more natural and flexible models (e.g., host family respite), integrated with increased post‐respite support and psychosocial education, are likely to be beneficial and need further evaluation. 相似文献
225.
Chia-Kuei Lee Colleen Corte Shan-Tair Wang 《Journal of child and family studies》2017,26(4):1090-1098
The purpose of this study was to estimate child behavioral problems over time and determine gender differences in behavioral problems between children born to adolescent and adult mothers in Taiwan. The consistency between parent’s and teacher’s reports was also examined. Secondary analysis of a longitudinal dataset from Taiwan was conducted. A matched sample of 107 children born to adolescent mothers and 111 children born to adult mothers were recruited. Child behavioral problems were assessed by parents at Time 1 (1st and 2nd grades) and by teachers at both Time 1 and Time 2 (5th and 6th grades). Generalized estimating equations and paired t-test were used. At Time 1, compared to children of adult mothers, children of adolescent mothers had had more behavioral problems by both parental and teacher’s reports. Both parents and teachers reported that boys had more behavioral problems than girls. Moreover, according to teacher reports, children of adolescent mothers and boys had more behavioral problems and these differences persisted over time, even controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. In addition, parents reported higher scores of behavioral problems than teachers. In conclusion, child behavioral problems in Taiwan are associated with maternal age at child birth and child’s gender. Interventions may profitably focus on determining the mechanisms that lead to behavior problems in children of adolescent mothers, and/or reducing adolescent pregnancy as a way of decreasing child behavioral problems. Screening and preventive interventions for child behavior problems may need to be gender-specific. 相似文献
226.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology has been positively associated with suicidality (suicidal ideation and attempts), but less is known about factors that might exacerbate that association. The present study examined the main and interactive effects of PTSD symptom severity and difficulties in emotion regulation in association with four suicidality outcomes. Participants included 128 adults in an acute-care psychiatric inpatient setting. Results revealed that PTSD symptom severity was significantly incrementally associated with self-reported suicidal ideation (ß = .30, p = .02). Difficulties in emotion regulation were significantly associated with suicide as the reason for current admission (p = .01). The interactive effect of PTSD symptom severity and difficulties in emotion regulation was significant only for self-reported suicidal ideation (ß = .24, p < .001). Participants with high levels of PTSD symptom severity and difficulties in emotion regulation exhibited the highest level of suicidal ideation. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed. 相似文献
227.
Jacqueline A. Specht Gillian A. King Colleen Willoughby Elizabeth G. Brown Linda Smith 《Counseling and values》2005,50(1):51-62
The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the perspective of individuals with congenital disabilities about spirituality as a coping mechanism during crucial times in their lives. Qualitative analysis of interviews assessing turning points in the lives of 15 adults (6 women and 9 men; M = 37 years) with spina bifida, cerebral palsy, or attention deficit disorder was performed to determine how spirituality assisted them at these crucial times. Four recurring themes were identified: God as a guiding force, inner strength, meaning in life, and appropriateness of the use of spirituality in counseling. The authors discuss their findings and the use of spirituality in counseling adults with congenital disabilities. 相似文献
228.
Samuel J. Hansen Katie L. McMahon Jennifer S. Burt Greig I. de Zubicaray 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2017,70(1):75-91
Speakers respond more slowly when naming pictures presented with taboo (i.e., offensive/embarrassing) than with neutral distractor words in the picture–word interference paradigm. Over four experiments, we attempted to localize the processing stage at which this effect occurs during word production and determine whether it reflects the socially offensive/embarrassing nature of the stimuli. Experiment 1 demonstrated taboo interference at early stimulus onset asynchronies of ?150?ms and 0?ms although not at 150?ms. In Experiment 2, taboo distractors sharing initial phonemes with target picture names eliminated the interference effect. Using additive factors logic, Experiment 3 demonstrated that taboo interference and phonological facilitation effects do not interact, indicating that the two effects originate at different processing levels within the speech production system. In Experiment 4, interference was observed for masked taboo distractors, including those sharing initial phonemes with the target picture names, indicating that the effect cannot be attributed to a processing level involving responses in an output buffer. In two of the four experiments, the magnitude of the interference effect correlated significantly with arousal ratings of the taboo words. However, no significant correlations were found for either offensiveness or valence ratings. These findings are consistent with a locus for the taboo interference effect prior to the processing stage responsible for word form encoding. We propose a pre-lexical account in which taboo distractors capture attention at the expense of target picture processing due to their high arousal levels. 相似文献
229.
Although neighborhood stressors have a negative impact on youth, and social support can play a protective role, it is unclear
what types and sources of social support may contribute to positive outcomes among at-risk youth. We examined the influences
of neighborhood disadvantage and social support on global self-worth among low-income, urban African American youth, both
concurrently and longitudinally. We examined social support from both a structural and functional perspective, and tested
the main-effects and the stress-buffering models of social support. Participants included 82–130 youth, in 6th–8th grade,
who completed self-report measures. Network support results suggest participants received emotional, tangible, and informational
support most often from mothers and other female relatives, with friends, fathers, and teachers also playing important roles.
Model testing accounted for neighborhood stressors and support from various sources, revealing support from close friends
was associated with concurrent self-worth; whereas, parent support predicted self-worth longitudinally, above and beyond initial
levels of self-worth. The findings provide evidence for the main-effects model of social support and not the stress-buffering
model. Our findings illustrate the importance of extended family networks and the types of support that youth rely upon in
African American impoverished communities, as well as how support contributes to global self-worth. Implications and suggestions
for future research and intervention are discussed. 相似文献
230.
The Relationship Between Parental Knowledge and Monitoring and Child and Adolescent Conduct Problems: A 10-Year Update 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Inadequate parental monitoring is widely recognized as a risk factor for the development of child and adolescent conduct problems.
However, previous studies examining parental monitoring have largely measured parental knowledge and not the active methods
used by parents to track the activities and behavior of their children. The seminal work of Stattin and Kerr (Child Dev 71:1072–1085,
2000; Kerr and Stattin in Dev Psychol 36:366–380, 2000) has challenged the field to reinterpret the construct of parental monitoring, focusing on the active components of this
parenting behavior. As a result, this area of research has witnessed a resurgence of activity. The goal of the current paper
is to review the evidence regarding the relationship between parental knowledge and monitoring and child and adolescent conduct
problems that has accumulated during the past decade. Forty-seven studies published between 2000 and 2010 were identified
by searching major databases and bibliographies and were included in this review. This paper will examine the following areas:
(a) “parental monitoring” as “parental knowledge”; (b) parental knowledge as driven by child disclosure; (c) the relationship
between parental knowledge and monitoring and child and adolescent conduct problems; (d) bidirectional associations between
parental knowledge and monitoring and child and adolescent conduct problems; (e) contextual influences on parental knowledge
and monitoring; (f) antecedents of parental knowledge and monitoring; (g) clinical implications of research on parental knowledge
and monitoring; and (h) limitations of existing research and future directions. 相似文献