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151.
Using a speeded retrieval procedure, we investigated time-of-day effects in automatic and controlled retrieval. Morning-type
adults were tested at either peak (early morning) or off-peak (late afternoon) times on a speeded implicit (Experiment 1)
or explicit (Experiment 2) stem completion task. In Experiment 1, retrieval strategies were identified by changes in response
speed between a practice phase with rapid retrieval and an implicit memory test phase. Performance based on controlled retrieval
(shown by slowdown participants) showed more priming at peak than at off-peak times of day, a finding confirmed in Experiment
2, in which the participants were given intentional retrieval instructions when the materials switched. In contrast, performance
based on automatic retrieval (shown by nonslowdown participants) did not differ across peak and off-peak times. The finding
suggests a robust synchrony effect in controlled retrieval, but not in automatic retrieval, which does not appear to vary
across the day. 相似文献
152.
Those who subscribe to aprudential conception of practical reason do not believe that there is a conflict between other-regarding
and self-regarding norms as the former are held to be founded on the latter. Moral conduct, they maintain, is always rationally
justifiable. The reasons we should fulfil the demands of other-regarding norms are the same as those we have for fulfilling
self-regarding norms. David Brink has put forth an interesting and novel account of this approach to practical reason which
he calls‘metaphysical egoism’. Metaphysical egoism requires that we modify our pre-theoretical understandings of self-interest
on metaphysical grounds. I critically assess Brink’s argument and claim that metaphysical egoism does not adequately function
as a motive or guide for action. It is susceptible to many of the same problems which strategic egoism faces.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
153.
154.
155.
Wendy Kliewer Dawn K. Wilson Laura E. Plybon 《Journal of applied social psychology》2002,32(4):865-884
Although research on the influence of neighborhoods on the development of youth is growing, few researchers have examined the impact of neighborhood quality on physiological outcomes or across gender. The present experiment examined gender differences in the association of neighborhood quality and cardiovascular reactivity (increased blood pressure, BP, in response to stress) among 77 healthy African American adolescents (46% male; M age = 14 years). Participants took part in a cold-face stimulus task to determine reactivity scores. After controlling for baseline BP, family income, and parental education, poorer neighborhood quality was associated with increases in both systolic and diastolic BP to the cold-face task for females, and decreases in BP for males. Adolescents’ reports of life stress and support from family members did not explain the differential effect of neighborhood quality across gender. Implications for future research are discussed. 相似文献
156.
This study examined the convergent validity of maternal reports of child emotion in a sample of 190 children between the ages of 3 and 6. Children completed a battery of 10 emotion-eliciting laboratory tasks; their mothers and untrained na?ve observers rated child emotions (happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, and anger) following each task, and trained coders rated videotapes of each task for the same emotions. Consistent with studies using other designs, maternal reports demonstrated weak to moderate convergence with the other rating methods. Extending prior research, a number of maternal characteristics (particularly lifetime psychiatric diagnoses and personality traits) were associated with their reports of child emotions in the lab, above and beyond the effects of objective coding and observer reports of child emotions. For some emotions, mothers' mental health and dispositional variables were more strongly related to their reports of the child's emotions than were objective indices of the child's observable emotional behavior. 相似文献
157.
Pratt, Adam, and Fischer (2007) investigated the effect of surrounding targets on the time it took to move to an individual target and found that the movement
time to a central target was above the Fitts’s law line related to the first and last targets. They explained their results
in terms of a “visuomotor hypothesis.” Here, an alternative explanation is given in terms of a previously validated model
of the “available target width” that is determined by the size of the target and the width of the finger pad that is being
used to hit the target. 相似文献
158.
Research on feigned mental disorders indicates that severe psychopathology coupled with significant trauma histories often complicate feigning determinations, resulting in inaccuracies on otherwise effective measures. As part of malingering assessments, the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is often used because of its excellent validation and the availability of three feigning indicators (Negative Impression, Malingering Index, and Rogers Discriminant Function), which have evidenced large effect sizes and clinically useful cut scores. The current study examined the effectiveness of the PAI in a traumatized inpatient sample using a between-subjects simulation design. Although Negative Impression appeared affected by trauma--especially in conjunction with dissociative symptoms--very positive results were found for Malingering Index and Rogers Discriminant Function. They remained relatively unelevated under honest conditions, despite posttraumatic stress disorder and extensive comorbidity. Using single-point cut scores provided moderately good classification of feigned and genuine PAI profiles. For purposes of classification, the authors operationally defined small indeterminate groups that were considered too close to classify (i.e., ±5T of the cut scores). With indeterminate cases removed, the overall classification rates improved modestly. However, the more important finding involved the error rates for the indeterminate group, which exceeded 50%. Directions for further research are discussed. 相似文献
159.
The growing emphasis on the importance of publishing scientific findings in the academic world has led to increasing prevalence of potentially significant publications in which scientific and ethical rigour may be questioned. This has not only hindered research progress, but also eroded public trust in all scientific advances. In view of the increasing concern and the complexity of research misconduct, the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) was established in 1997 to manage cases with ethical implications. In order to review the outcomes of cases investigated by COPE, a total of 408 cases that had been managed by COPE were successfully extracted and analysed with respect to 7 distinct criteria. The results obtained indicate that the number of ethical implications per case has not changed significantly (p?>?0.01) since the year COPE was instigated. Interestingly, the number of ethical cases, and to some extent, research misconduct, is not diminishing. Therefore, journal editors and publishers need to work closely together with COPE to inculcate adoption of appropriate research ethics and values in younger researchers while discouraging others from lowering standards. It is hoped that with a more concerted effort from the academic community and better public awareness, there will be fewer incidences of ethically and scientifically challenged publications. The ultimate aim being to enhance the quality of published works with concomittant public trust in the results. 相似文献
160.