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891.
Elhai JD Butcher JJ Reeves AN Baugher SN Gray MJ Jacobs GA Fricker-Elhai AE North TC Arbisi P 《Journal of personality assessment》2007,88(3):328-337
In this article, we combine two analogue experiments in which we empirically examined three malingering methodological issues in individuals trained and instructed to simulate posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI; Briere, 1995). In Experiment 1, we examined TSI scale effects of the following manipulations using a 2 x 2 design with 330 college students: (a) inclusion or exclusion of cautionary instructions regarding believability of participants' simulation and (b) different financial incentive levels. In Experiment 2, we examined comorbid psychiatric diagnostic training with 180 college students who were either trained to simulate PTSD and comorbid major depressive disorder or trained to simulate only PTSD. Caution main effects were significant for all but two TSI Clinical Scales, incentive main effects and interactions were only significant for one Clinical scale each, and the comorbidity manipulation did not yield any scale differences. We discuss malingering research design implications regarding the use of cautionary instructions, financial incentive levels, and comorbid training. 相似文献
892.
893.
Individuals undergoing cancer genetic risk assessment have been found to have a poor understanding of the process, which may
affect how well they cope with learning their risk. This paper reports free-text data from questionnaires completed by women
undergoing a randomised controlled trial of a psychological intervention. Of the 268 women undergoing genetic assessment for
familial breast/ovarian cancer risk who were invited to take part in the trial, 157 women returned research questionnaires.
Of these, 97 women provided free-text comments upon referral to a cancer genetics clinic, 62 provided comments whilst waiting
for risk information (average, moderate or high), and 36 women provided comments following notification of risk. This paper
reports a thematic analysis of the free-text data. Themes reflected individuals’ poor knowledge and uncertainty about genetic
risk assessment. How well individuals responded to learning their risk depended upon whether expectations had been met. Regardless
of risk, individuals undergoing cancer genetic risk assessment are likely to benefit from increased information about its
process and timescales, and access to increased psychological support. Free-text comments can provide valuable data about
individuals’ expectations and knowledge of genetics services. 相似文献
894.
The Schizophrenia Quality of Life Scale Revision 4 (SQLS-R4) appears to offer excellent potential as an easily administered and patient acceptable assessment and monitoring measure of quality of life (QoL). However, a principle psychometric criterion crucial to the use and validity of the instrument concerns the underlying factor structure. The SQLS-R4 comprises two sub-scales, these being cognition and vitality QoL and psychosocial feelings QoL. However, the factor structure of the SQLS-R4 has yet to be established in a patient group in the UK. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the SQLS-R4 to determine its psychometric properties in 100 patients with a primary ICD-10 diagnosis of schizophrenia. Internal reliability of the SQLS-R4 cognition and vitality QoL and psychosocial feelings QoL sub-scales was found to be excellent. Consistent with the original validation of the SQLS-R4, two correlated factors comprising cognition and vitality QoL and psychosocial feelings QoL were observed to offer the best fit to the data. In conclusion, the SQLS-R4 would appear to be suitable for use in patients with a primary diagnosis of schizophrenia in the UK. Potential clinical uses and the direction of future research with the SQLS-R4 are indicated. 相似文献
895.
Our goal in this paper is to provide enough of an account of the origins of cognitive ethology and the controversy surrounding
it to help ethicists to gauge for themselves how to balance skepticism and credulity about animal minds when communicating
with scientists. We believe that ethicists’ arguments would benefit from better understanding of the historical roots of ongoing
controversies. It is not appropriate to treat some widely reported results in animal cognition as if their interpretations
are a matter of scientific consensus. It is especially important to understand why loose references to “cognitive ethology”
by philosophers can signal ignorance of the field to scientists who are more deeply immersed in the relevant literature. Understanding
the variety of approaches to cognitive phenomena in animals is essential if such capacities are to form the foundation of
scientifically-informed ethical reasoning about animals. 相似文献
896.
It recently has been established within the laboratory that the attentional probe methodology not only can sensitively assess the threat attentional bias associated with anxiety vulnerability, but also can be configured to yield training tasks capable of modifying emotional vulnerability by manipulating such attentional selectivity. In order to appraise and exploit the potential practical applications of such procedures, it is desirable that clinical investigators without specialist equipment should become able to deliver such tasks within field settings. The present research program involved development of a fully customizable attentional probe software package, that delivers assessment and training versions of the probe task across the Internet. Two experimental studies served to validate the assessment and training efficacy of resulting probe task variants, completed remotely by GAD sufferers and nonclinical populations using their own computers. We advise fellow researchers how to freely download this software package for use within their own investigations. 相似文献
897.
Colin Loader 《Journal of the history of the behavioral sciences》2001,37(2):203-207
898.
Being imprisoned appears to lead some individuals to commit suicide whereas others appear to suffer little stress. Previous
research has identified three groups of male prisoners (young remand, young sentenced and those serving life sentences) where
the incidence of suicide is high. The present study examined institutional and individual factors that were related to levels
of anxiety, depression and psychological well-being within these groups. A psychiatric history, religious faith, feelings
of guilt, lack of close friends outside prison, or disinclination to take part in sport, training or hobbies were found to
be associated with high levels of anxiety, depression and psychological morbidity. So too were the severity of environmental
hassles and worries. The implications of these findings are discussed. 相似文献
899.
900.
Kristin A. Robinson Meng-Ru Cheng Patrick D. Hansen Richard J. Gray 《Journal of religion and health》2017,56(1):205-225
The aim of this study is to describe religious and spiritual beliefs of physicians and examine their influence on the decision to pursue medicine and daily medical practice. An anonymous survey was e-mailed to physicians at a large, multidisciplinary tertiary referral center with satellite clinics. Data were collected from January 2014 through February 2014. There were 2097 respondents (69.1 % men), and number of practicing years ranged from ≤1 to ≥30. Primary care physicians or medical specialists represented 74.1 %, 23.6 % were in surgical specialties, and 2.3 % were psychiatrists. The majority of physicians believe in God (65.2 %), and 51.2 % reported themselves as religious, 24.8 % spiritual, 12.4 % agnostic, and 11.6 % atheist. This self-designation was largely independent of specialty except for psychiatrists, who were more likely report agnosticism (P = 0.003). In total, 29.0 % reported that religious or spiritual beliefs influenced their decision to become a physician. Frequent prayer was reported by 44.7 % of physicians, but only 20.7 % reported having prayed with patients. Most physicians consider themselves religious or spiritual, but the rates of agnosticism and atheism are higher than the general population. Psychiatrists are the least religious group. Despite the influence of religion on physicians’ lives and medical practice, the majority have not incorporated prayer into patient encounters. 相似文献