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131.
In 1952, Hick proposed his ‘information theory’, that in making choice reactions the subject gains information at a constant rate such that: Mean reaction time = K log2 (N + 1). 相似文献
132.
Anxiety and the allocation of attention to threat 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
Colin MacLeod Andrew Mathews 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》1988,40(4):653-670
Using a probe detection technique we have recently demonstrated that anxious subjects consistently deploy attention towards threat-related stimuli, whereas non-anxious controls tend to move attention away from such material (MacLeod, Mathews, & Tata, 1986).
The current study employed the same paradigm but attempted to distinguish the role of trait and state anxiety by testing high- and low-trait students when state anxiety was relatively low (12 weeks before a major examination) and again when it was relatively high (one week before this examination). High-trait subjects alone tended to shift attention towards generally threatening material on both test occasions. Results for examination-related stimuli were more complex. Increased proximity to the examination was associated with an increase in attentional bias towards such threat stimuli in high-trait subjects, but with increased attentional avoidance of such stimuli in low-trait subjects. It is suggested that the attentional response to currently relevant stress-related stimuli may be associated with neither trait nor state anxiety alone, but with an interactive function involving both these variables. These results are discussed in relation to existing models of emotion and cognition, and alternative interpretations of the findings are considered. 相似文献
The current study employed the same paradigm but attempted to distinguish the role of trait and state anxiety by testing high- and low-trait students when state anxiety was relatively low (12 weeks before a major examination) and again when it was relatively high (one week before this examination). High-trait subjects alone tended to shift attention towards generally threatening material on both test occasions. Results for examination-related stimuli were more complex. Increased proximity to the examination was associated with an increase in attentional bias towards such threat stimuli in high-trait subjects, but with increased attentional avoidance of such stimuli in low-trait subjects. It is suggested that the attentional response to currently relevant stress-related stimuli may be associated with neither trait nor state anxiety alone, but with an interactive function involving both these variables. These results are discussed in relation to existing models of emotion and cognition, and alternative interpretations of the findings are considered. 相似文献
133.
Cognitive functioning and anxiety 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Various possible differences in cognitive functioning between those high and low in trait anxiety are considered. Particular emphasis is paid to the hypothesis that individuals high in trait anxiety tend to approach threatening stimuli, whereas those low in trait anxiety tend to avoid such stimuli. The evidence indicates that there are such differences in the processing of threatening stimuli as a function of trait anxiety. However, these differences are found only under certain conditions, for example, when threatening and nonthreatening stimuli are presented concurrently, and when minor rather than major threat is involved.The differences between those high and low in trait anxiety encompass pre-attentive, attentional, and interpretative mechanisms. As a consequence, any adequate theory of trait anxiety must take proper account of cognitive mechanisms and functioning. 相似文献
134.
Colin V. Newman 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1971,23(2):225-233
A hypothesis derived from J. J. Gibson's psychophysical theory of space perception was tested. Subjects made monocular relative distance judgements by moving a marker to the apparent physical mid-point between two other fixed markers which were placed on a surface along the subjects' line of sight. Judgements were significantly influenced by the texture density gradients of stimulation derived from the surface over which they were made. 相似文献
135.
Bertrand Colin 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2011,92(2):475-484
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139.
Catching up with wonderful women: The women‐are‐wonderful effect is smaller in more gender egalitarian societies
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Kuba Krys Colin A. Capaldi Wijnand van Tilburg Ottmar V. Lipp Michael Harris Bond C.‐Melanie Vauclair L. Sam S. Manickam Alejandra Domínguez‐Espinosa Claudio Torres Vivian Miu‐Chi Lun Julien Teyssier Lynden K. Miles Karolina Hansen Joonha Park Wolfgang Wagner Angela Arriola Yu Cai Xing Ryan Wise Chien‐Ru Sun Razi Sultan Siddiqui Radwa Salem Muhammad Rizwan Vassilis Pavlopoulos Martin Nader Fridanna Maricchiolo María Malbran Gwatirera Javangwe İdil Işık David O. Igbokwe Taekyun Hur Arif Hassan Ana Gonzalez Márta Fülöp Patrick Denoux Enila Cenko Ana Chkhaidze Eleonora Shmeleva Radka Antalíková Ramadan A. Ahmed 《International journal of psychology》2018,53(Z1):21-26
Inequalities between men and women are common and well‐documented. Objective indexes show that men are better positioned than women in societal hierarchies—there is no single country in the world without a gender gap. In contrast, researchers have found that the women‐are‐wonderful effect—that women are evaluated more positively than men overall—is also common. Cross‐cultural studies on gender equality reveal that the more gender egalitarian the society is, the less prevalent explicit gender stereotypes are. Yet, because self‐reported gender stereotypes may differ from implicit attitudes towards each gender, we reanalysed data collected across 44 cultures, and (a) confirmed that societal gender egalitarianism reduces the women‐are‐wonderful effect when it is measured more implicitly (i.e. rating the personality of men and women presented in images) and (b) documented that the social perception of men benefits more from gender egalitarianism than that of women. 相似文献
140.
Baumert A Sinclair C MacLeod C Hammond G 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(3):404-412
Emotion is assumed to facilitate the preparation of behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. In the present study, we
examined whether emotional processing induced by spoken scenarios of positive and negative content, related to the self or
to other people, modulates corticospinal excitability. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation
(TMS) in 20 volunteers indicated that processing of negative emotional content increased MEP amplitude, regardless of the
perspective taken in the scenario. By contrast, positive emotional processing did not reliably alter MEP amplitude. These
results provide the first TMS evidence that the auditory processing of emotionally negative information triggers action preparation. 相似文献