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121.
Learning must be constrained for it to lead to productive generalizations. Although biology is undoubtedly an important source of constraints, prior experience may be another, leading learners to represent input in ways that are more conducive to some generalizations than others, and/or to up- and down-weight features when entertaining generalizations. In two experiments, 4-month-old and 7-month-old infants were familiarized with sequences of musical chords or tones adhering either to an AAB pattern or an ABA pattern. In both cases, the 4-month-olds learned the generalization, but the 7-month-olds did not. The success of the 4-month-olds appears to contradict an account that this type of pattern learning is the provenance of a language-specific rule-learning module. It is not yet clear what drives the age-related change, but plausible candidates include differential experience with language and music, as well as interactions between general cognitive development and stimulus complexity. 相似文献
122.
123.
Colin Howson 《国际科学哲学研究》2009,23(2):209-212
A recent article by Jeff Kochan contains a discussion of modus ponens that among other thing alleges that the paradox of the heap is a counterexample to it. In this note I show that it is the conditional major premise of a modus ponens inference, rather than the rule itself, that is impugned. This premise is the contrapositive of the inductive step in the principle of mathematical induction, confirming the widely accepted view that it is the vagueness of natural language predicates, not modus ponens, that is challenged by Sorites. 相似文献
124.
Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that when presented with a sudden stimulus simulating an oncoming predator,
Mongolian gerbils can compute the optimal trajectory to a safe refuge, taking into account the position of the threat, the
location of a clearly visible refuge, and several other contextual variables as well. In the present studies, the main goal
was to explore the abilities of gerbils to use mental representations of spaces that were visually occluded by opaque barriers
to compute efficient escape trajectories. In all studies, gerbils were placed into a round open field containing a single
refuge. On each trial, an overhead visual stimulus was caused to ‘fly’ overhead, eliciting robust escape movements from the
gerbils. By manipulating the shape and position of a series of opaque barriers that were interposed between the gerbils and
the refuge, we were able to show that gerbils can compute the shortest route to an invisible target, even when the available
routes to the target are made complex by using elaborate barrier shapes. These findings suggest that gerbils can maintain
representations of their locations with respect to salient environmental landmarks and refuges, even when such locations are
not continuously visible. 相似文献
125.
Colin Howson 《Journal of Applied Logic》2009,7(2):177-187
In the nineteen sixties seminal work was done by Gaifman and then Scott and Krauss in adapting the concepts, tools and procedures of the model theory of modern logic to provide a corresponding model theory in which notions of probabilistic consistency and consequence are defined analogously to the way they are defined (semantically) in the deductive case. The present paper proposes a way of extending these ideas beyond the bounds of a formalised language, even the infinitary language of Scott and Krauss, to achieve a logic having the power and expressiveness of the modern mathematical theory of probability. 相似文献
126.
Colin Johnston 《Synthese》2007,156(2):231-251
It is not immediately clear from Wittgenstein’s Tractatus how to connect his idea there of an object with the logical ontologies
of Frege and Russell. Toward clarification on this matter, this paper compares Russell’s and Wittgenstein’s versions of the
thesis of an atomic fact that it is a complex composition. The claim arrived at is that whilst Russell (at times at least)
has one particular of the elements of a fact – the relation – responsible for the unity of the whole, for Wittgenstein the
unity of a fact is the product of copulative powers inherent in all its elements. All kinds of constituents of Tractarian
facts – all kinds (forms) of object – are, to use Fregean terminology, unsaturated. 相似文献
127.
128.
Colin A. Espie William R. Lindsay Lynne C. Espie 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1989,11(1):71-79
A comparison is presented of insomniacs' self-reported sleep pattern and objectively monitored sleep using the Sleep Assessment Device (SAD; Kelley & Lichstein, 1980). Analysis of 110 subject nights revealed modest but significant subjective overestimates of both sleep latency and sleep duration which were accounted for by the demands of the task (i.e., longer time periods are harder to estimate accurately). Correlations between self-report and SAD measures were, however, consistently high, suggesting that self-report may be a valid index of sleep disturbance. Results are discussed with reference to the clinician's task in evaluating sleep complaints.This research stury was supported by a grant from the Research Fund of Lanarkshire Health Board, Scotland. 相似文献
129.
Colin A. Wastell 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》1996,74(6):575-581
This article discusses the importance of counseling guided by a life-span development model. Major developmental tasks across the life span are outlined from an Eriksonian perspective. This is contrasted with the feminist development theory of S. Conarton and L. Kreger-Silverman (1988). Issues covered include the call by C. Gilligan (1991) for counselors to assist women to reclaim their intuitive voice and the importance of connectedness for women's development in Western society. Implications for counseling are explored with reference to borderline personality disorder and anorexia nervosa. 相似文献
130.
Colin Grant 《Zygon》1997,32(3):321-340
The self-interest paradigm that has dominated and defined social science is being questioned today in all the social sciences. Frontline research is represented by C. Daniel Batson's experiments, which claim to present empirical evidence of altruism. Impressive though this is against the background of the self-interest paradigm, its ultimate significance might be to illustrate the inadequacy of social science to deal with a transcendent reality like altruism. 相似文献