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Cognitive Processing - Evidence suggests that the visual evoked potential (VEP) and gamma oscillations elicited by visual stimuli reflect the balance of excitatory and inhibitory (E-I) cortical... 相似文献
63.
Premorbid adjustment varies widely among individuals with schizophrenia and has been shown to bear significantly on prodrome and onset characteristics, and on cognition, symptoms, and functioning after onset. The current analysis focused on the Premorbid Adjustment Scale, a retrospective measure assessing social and academic function at several time points from early childhood to illness onset. In an effort to explore discrete developmental subtypes, we applied latent class growth analysis to data from the Premorbid Adjustment Scale in our sample of individuals with schizophrenia (N = 208), finding three latent trajectory classes. The first of these classes showed consistently adequate-to-good social and academic functioning before onset; the second showed initially good function and deterioration with time until onset; the third showed poor functioning in childhood that deteriorated further during the years up to diagnosis. The classes differed significantly in terms of age of onset, processing speed, and functioning after onset. There were no significant differences in symptomatology. Our findings illustrate a potentially powerful methodological approach to the problem of heterogeneity in schizophrenia research, and add weight to the notion that aspects of premorbid history may be useful for subtyping schizophrenia patients. The potential implications of this subtyping strategy, including those pertaining to potential genetics studies, are discussed. 相似文献
64.
Stimulus generalization is suggested as an alternative method for examination of the “novelty? problem in motor learning. These experiments demonstrated that stimulus generalization occurs using simple movements as stimuli. The phenomenon of the “peak shift? in post-discrimination generalization gradients was also examined. The first experiment demonstrated that a peak shift occurred using linear movements as stimuli and that the magnitude of the peak shift increased as the difference between the training stimuli decreased. The second experiment showed similar results when the stimuli consisted of a range of movements rather than a single movement length. The final experiment provided evidence that perception of movement length is influenced by the magnitude of an immediately preceding movement. The relevance of these studies to current motor-learning theory is discussed. 相似文献
65.
Jeffrey S. Ashby Wendy L. Dickinson Philip B. Gnilka Christina L. Noble 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2011,89(2):131-139
The authors examined the relationship of perfectionism, hope, and depression in a sample of 153 middle school students. Adaptive perfectionists differed significantly from both maladaptive perfectionists and nonperfectionists on their levels of hope and depression. Hope mediated the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and depression and supported an indirect effects model for hope and the relationship between adaptive perfectionism and depression. No evidence was found for hope as a moderator in the relationship between perfectionism and depression. 相似文献
66.
Neider MB Chen X Dickinson CA Brennan SE Zelinsky GJ 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2010,17(5):718-724
To better understand the problem of referencing a location in space under time pressure, we had two remotely located partners
(A, B) attempt to locate and reach consensus on a sniper target, which appeared randomly in the windows of buildings in a
pseudorealistic city scene. The partners were able to communicate using speech alone (shared voice), gaze cursors alone (shared
gaze), or both. In the shared-gaze conditions, a gaze cursor representing Partner A’s eye position was superimposed over Partner
B’s search display and vice versa. Spatial referencing times (for both partners to find and agree on targets) were faster
with shared gaze than with speech, with this benefit due primarily to faster consensus (less time needed for one partner to
locate the target after it was located by the other partner). These results suggest that sharing gaze can be more efficient
than speaking when people collaborate on tasks requiring the rapid communication of spatial information. Supplemental materials
for this article may be downloaded from http://pbr.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
67.
Dickinson CA Intraub H 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2008,34(3):543-555
How rapidly does boundary extension occur? Across experiments, trials included a 3-scene sequence (325 ms/picture), masked interval, and repetition of 1 scene. The repetition was the same view or differed (more close-up or wide angle). Observers rated the repetition as same as, closer than, or more wide angle than the original view on a 5-point scale. Masked intervals were 100, 250, 625, or 1,000 ms in Experiment 1 and 42, 100, or 250 ms in Experiments 2 and 3. Boundary extension occurred in all cases: Identical views were rated as too "close-up," and distractor views elicited the rating asymmetry typical of boundary extension (wider angle distractors were rated as being more similar to the original than were closer up distractors). Most important, boundary extension was evident when only a 42-ms mask separated the original and test views. Experiments 1 and 3 included conditions eliciting a gaze shift prior to the rating test; this did not eliminate boundary extension. Results show that boundary extension is available soon enough and is robust enough to play an on-line role in view integration, perhaps supporting incorporation of views within a larger spatial framework. 相似文献
68.
The control of instrumental action following outcome devaluation in young children aged between 1 and 4 years 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
To determine the role of action-outcome learning in the control of young children's instrumental behavior, the authors trained 18- to 48-month-olds to manipulate visual icons on a touch-sensitive display to obtain different types of video clips as outcomes. Subsequently, one of the outcomes was devalued by repeated exposure, and children's propensity to perform the trained actions was tested in extinction. On test, children with a mean age greater than 2.5 years performed the action trained with the devalued outcome less than those trained with the still-valued outcome, thereby demonstrating that their actions were mediated by action-outcome learning. By contrast, the instrumental responses of younger children (mean age<2 years) were resistant to outcome devaluation and may have been elicited directly by the icons associated with each response, rather than mediated by a specific action-outcome expectation. 相似文献
69.
Associative accounts of goal-directed action, developed in the fields of human ideomotor action and that of animal learning,
can capture cognitive belief-desire psychology of human decision-making. Whereas outcome-response accounts can account for
the fact that the thought of a goal can call to mind the action that has previously procured this goal, response-outcome accounts
capture decision-making processes that start out with the consideration of possible response alternatives followed only in
the second instance by evaluation of their consequences. We argue that while the outcome-response mechanism plays a crucial
role in response priming effects, the response-outcome mechanism is particularly important for action selection on the basis
of current needs and desires. We therefore develop an integrative account that encapsulates these two routes of action selection
within the framework of the associative-cybernetic model. This model has the additional benefit of providing mechanisms for
the incentive modulation of goal-directed action and for the development of behavioural autonomy, and therefore provides a
promising account of the multi-faceted process of animal as well as human instrumental decision-making.
相似文献
Sanne de WitEmail: |
70.