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51.
A content analysis of eight different men’s lifestyle magazines sold in Canada between November 2004 and August 2006 was conducted to explore how masculinities are currently being portrayed in regards to the body, aesthetics and grooming, and fashion. Findings suggest that different men’s magazines represent different forms of masculinity but elements of hegemonic masculinity (culturally normative ideals of masculinity within a structure of social relations where some men are subordinated) are woven throughout. Although the marketed look varies by the magazine, these magazines not only convey the message that appearance can be manipulated—but it should also be enhanced, and that men should engage in bodywork in order to attain the lifestyle they desire. 相似文献
52.
Rosemary Flanagan Korrie Allen Donna J. Henry 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2010,28(2):87-99
Public school students participated in a group to enhance and improve anger management. The study used a pre-post design with
a comparison group. Students were assigned to either Anger Management Treatment or Anger Management plus Rational Emotive
Behavior Therapy (REBT). Each child served as his or her own control and received an empirically validated intervention. Pretest–posttest
data were evaluated using the Social Skills Rating System, the Children’s Depression Inventory and the Children’s Inventory
of Anger. Results indicate that the addition of the REBT component to Anger Management reduced anger as well as depression,
while improving social skills, suggesting the addition of a specialized cognitive behavioral component increased the effectiveness
of the intervention. 相似文献
53.
54.
Shiels K Hawk LW Lysczek CL Tannock R Pelham WE Spencer SV Gangloff BP Waschbusch DA 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2008,36(6):903-913
Working memory is one of several putative core neurocognitive processes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
The present work seeks to determine whether visual–spatial working memory is sensitive to motivational incentives, a laboratory
analogue of behavioral treatment. Participants were 21 children (ages 7–10) with a diagnosis of ADHD-combined type. Participants
completed a computerized spatial span task designed to assess storage of visual–spatial information (forward span) and manipulation
of the stored information (backward span). The spatial span task was completed twice on the same day, once with a performance-based
incentive (trial-wise feedback and points redeemable for prizes) and once without incentives. Participants performed significantly
better on the backward span when rewarded for correct responses, compared to the no incentive condition. However, incentives
had no effect on performance during the forward span. These findings may suggest the use of motivational incentives improved
manipulation, but not storage, of visual–spatial information among children with ADHD. Possible explanations for the differential
incentive effects are discussed, including the possibility that incentives prevented a vigilance decrement as task difficulty
and time on task increased. 相似文献
55.
The British Psychological Society's Division of Counselling Psychology currently specifies a mandatory period of personal therapy for trainees. However, evidence for the role of personal therapy in developing practitioner competence is sparse. This paper presents part of a wider ongoing interpretative phenomenological analysis exploring how counselling psychologists describe the meaning and significance of personal therapy in clinical practice and training. Detailed examination of a subset of data from this study suggests that personal therapy is valued as a vehicle for a genuine, often extremely intense relationship with the therapist, through which participants become able to establish authentic emotional contact with themselves and their clients. Whilst most participants felt that personal therapy should remain an obligatory part of the training curriculum, they were ambivalent about specifying its aims or evaluating its outcomes. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of establishing a sense of integrity and authenticity within the personal therapy experience and are tentatively situated within a possible theoretical framework drawing on current developmental literature. 相似文献
56.
57.
The Logic of Knowledge Based Obligation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Deontic Logic goes back to Ernst Mally’s 1926 work, Grundgesetze des Sollens: Elemente der Logik des Willens [Mally. E.: 1926, Grundgesetze des Sollens: Elemente der Logik des Willens, Leuschner & Lubensky, Graz], where he presented
axioms for the notion ‘p ought to be the case’. Some difficulties were found in Mally’s axioms, and the field has much developed.
Logic of Knowledge goes back to Hintikka’s work Knowledge and Belief [Hintikka, J.: 1962, Knowledge and Belief: An Introduction to the Logic of the Two Notions, Cornell University Press] in
which he proposed formal logics of knowledge and belief. This field has also developed quite a great deal and is now the subject
of the TARK conferences. However, there has been relatively little work combining the two notions of knowledge (belief) with the notion
of obligation. (See, however, [Lomuscio, A. and Sergot, M.: 2003, Studia Logica 75 63–92; Moore, R. C.: 1990, In J. F. Allen, J. Hendler and A. Tate (eds.), Readings in Planning, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Mateo, CA]) In this paper we point out that an agent’s obligations are often dependent on what the agent knows, and indeed one cannot reasonably be
expected to respond to a problem if one is not aware of its existence. For instance, a doctor cannot be expected to treat
a patient unless she is aware of the fact that he is sick, and this creates a secondary obligation on the patient or someone
else to inform the doctor of his situation. In other words, many obligations are situation dependent, and only apply in the
presence of the relevant information. Thus a case for combining Deontic Logic with the Logic of Knowledge is clear. We introduce the notion of knowledge based obligation and offer an S5, history based Kripke semantics to express this notion, as this semantics enables us to represent how information
is transmitted among agents and how knowledge changes over time as a result of communications. We consider both the case of
an absolute obligation (although dependent on information) as well as the (defeasible) notion of an obligation which may be
over-ridden by more relevant information. For instance a physician who is about to inject a patient with drug d may find out that the patient is allergic to d and that she should use d′ instead. Dealing with the second kind of case requires a resort to non-monotonic reasoning and the notion of justified belief which is stronger than plain belief, but weaker than absolute knowledge in that it can be over-ridden. This notion of justified
belief also creates a derived notion of default obligation where an agent has, as far as the agent knows, an obligation to
do some action a. A dramatic application of this notion is our analysis of the Kitty Genovese case where, in 1964, a young woman was stabbed
to death while 38 neighbours watched from their windows but did nothing. The reason was not indifference, but none of the
neighbours had even a default obligation to act, even though, as a group, they did have an obligation to take some action
to protect Kitty.
Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the conferences SEP-2004, and DALT-2004. 相似文献
58.
Rosemary E. Vile Junod Asha K. Jitendra Robert J. Volpe Kristi S. Cleary 《Journal of School Psychology》2006,44(2):87-104
The current study examined the behaviors related to academic engagement exhibited by students with ADHD during instruction in math and reading. A total of 155 students (92 ADHD, 63 recruited controls) in grades 1 through 4 participated in the study. Results revealed that students with ADHD exhibited statistically significant lower rates of academic engagement and higher rates of off-task behaviors than recruited controls and randomly selected peer comparisons. Specifically, students with ADHD exhibited statistically significant lower rates of passive academic engagement (PET) than recruited controls and peer comparisons; however no group differences were found with regard to active engaged time (AET). In addition, students with ADHD exhibited lower rates of AET than PET, a finding observed among both recruited controls and randomly selected peer comparisons. Implications for research and practice are discussed. 相似文献
59.
The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI) assesses cognitions hypothesised to be associated with poor recovery from traumatic experiences and the maintenance of PTSD. The validity of the PTCI has received good support but doubts have been raised about its Self-BLAME subscale. The main aim of the present study was to test the ability of the PTCI subscales to discriminate between traumatised individuals with and without PTSD and to predict posttraumatic symptom severity. Participants (N=63) who had experienced a traumatic event were recruited via the media and completed the PTCI and self-report measures of PTSD and depression symptoms. Full criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD were met by 37 but not by the other 26. There were significant differences between these two groups on the total PTCI score and the Negative Cognitions About SELF and the Negative Cognitions About the WORLD subscales, but not on the Self-BLAME subscale. The two groups were discriminated by the PTCI subscales with 65% accuracy and the multiple correlation (R=.68) between the subscales and posttraumatic symptom severity was highly significant. However, in these analyses, higher scores on the Self-BLAME subscale were associated with less risk of a diagnosis of PTSD and with less posttraumatic symptomatology. Possible interpretations of these results, in terms of statistical suppressor effects and the protective role of behavioural self-blame, are discussed. 相似文献
60.
Bobbi R. Walling Rosemary S. L. Mills Wendy S. Freeman 《Journal of child and family studies》2007,16(5):642-659
Psychological control is a pattern of parenting that is intrusive and manipulative of children's thoughts, feelings, and attachment
to parents. Although little is known about the determinants of psychological control, it has been linked to the psychological
status of the parent. We hypothesized that several parenting cognitions reflecting personal concerns would be associated with
the use of psychological control: low perceived control, sensitivity to hurt, and a disapproving attitude to negative emotion.
We also examined moderating associations with child temperament and child gender. Participants were 198 mothers and fathers
of 3- and 4-year-olds (106 boys, 92 girls; M age = 4.10 years, SD = 0.26). Parents completed self- and spouse-report measures of psychological control, rated their child's temperamental characteristics,
and completed measures of parenting cognitions. Predictions were generally supported for two of the three cognitions. Sensitivity
to hurt and disapproval of negative emotion were associated with more frequent reported use of psychological control. There
were some moderating effects of child characteristics. 相似文献