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241.
IMPULSIVITY AND INHIBITORY CONTROL 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Abstract— We report an experiment testing the hypothesis that impulsive behavior reflects a deficit in the ability to inhibit prepotent responses Specifically, we examined whether impulsive people respond more slowly to signals to inhibit (stop signals) than non-impulsive people In this experiment, 136 undergraduate students completed an impulsivity questionnaire and then participated in a stop-signal experiment, in which they performed a choice reaction time (go) task and were asked to inhibit their responses to the go task when they heard a stop signal The delay between the go signal and the stop signal was determined by a tracking procedure designed to allow subjects to inhibit on 50% of the stop-signal trials. Reaction time to the go signal did not vary with impulsivity, but estimated stop-signal reaction time was longer in more impulsive subjects, consistent with the hypothesis and consistent with results from populations with pathological problems with impulse control. 相似文献
242.
Rosemary Bowman N. S. Sutherland 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》1969,21(1):69-76
Goldfish were trained to discriminate between “W” and “V” shapes; different groups were trained with the shapes in different orientations. Transfer tests were given after training and the following conclusions were drawn. Animals learned to discriminate between the training shapes by detecting the difference in the number of points present in each; they learned the difference in the relative number of points rather than the absolute number present in each shape; the subjects transferred well to pairs of shapes bearing points facing in different directions from those on the training shapes; knobs were treated as practically equivalent to points; animals relied more heavily on differences at the tops of the shapes than on differences in the bottom halves. 相似文献
243.
Differential responding as a function of auditory stimulus intensity without differential reinforcement 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0 下载免费PDF全文
Scot Blue J. Gilmour Sherman Rosemary Pierrel 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1971,15(3):371-377
Two groups of four rats each were trained to bar press on a variable-interval 2-min schedule. During training, either 3, 5, or 9 auditory stimuli of various intensities were randomly presented. A direct relationship between stimulus intensity and rate of responding was obtained, but it was more consistent in the group trained initially with three stimuli than for the group that started with nine stimuli. The results are related to the concept of stimulus intensity dynamism and the necessary conditions for the acquisition of stimulus control. 相似文献
244.
Rosemary J. Stevenson 《Memory & cognition》1981,9(2):169-176
It was hypothesized that depth of comprehension is a function of the complexity of the meaning components of a sentence that are activated during initial encoding. In four experiments, subjects were presented sentences containing either transitive causative verbs (e.g., “John opened the door”) or their intransitive noncausative counterparts (e.g., “The door opened”) and were required to produce a continuation to each sentence. Based on the above hypothesis, sentences for which the continuations induced causative interpretations should be remembered better than sentences for which noncausitive interpretations were induced. The results confirmed this hypothesis, and they are considered in relation to depth of comprehension, effective elaboration, and the role of inferences in memory for sentences. 相似文献
245.
246.
Rosemary Mander 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1991,19(2):177-190
A study of midwives' employment decisions was undertaken to identify whether and how they alter their employment plans at certain times relative to training. The research aimed to provide data which would help midwife managers to control the then widely perceived shortage of midwives, attributable partly to the non-retention of newly-qualified midwives in the maternity services. An attitude scale, devised for this study, is shown to be a valid predictor of midwifery employment. 相似文献
247.
Rosemary Anne Arthur James Fitzwater Ross Roberts James Hardy Calum Alexander Arthur 《Journal of Applied Sport Psychology》2017,29(4):449-465
We examined the indirect effects of basic psychological skills (PS) on military endurance through enhanced advanced PS while controlling for fitness. British Army recruits (n = 159) participated in three endurance events for Parachute Regiment selection and completed an adapted Test of Performance Strategies questionnaire (Hardy et al., 2010). Following confirmatory factor analyses, the multiple mediation regression analyses using PROCESS (Hayes, 2013) suggested that goal setting, imagery and relaxation all had positive indirect effects on endurance via activation, with goal setting also impacting on endurance via negative thinking. These data provide some support for basic PS influencing endurance via advanced PS. 相似文献
248.
Rosemary Rizq 《Psychodynamic Practice》2017,23(4):336-356
Section ’26 of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015 places a duty on local authorities and public sector institutions to have ‘due regard to the need to Prevent people from being drawn into terrorism’. Accordingly, NHS staff are now required to attend a Workshop to Raise Awareness of Prevent (WRAP), ensuring they are trained to spot the ideological symptoms and psychosocial vulnerabilities thought to predict extremist activity. In this paper, I suggest that the insertion of counter-radicalisation duties into the work of psychotherapists and other mental health professionals is not simply to be understood as an attempt to forestall and avert extremist activity. Rather, drawing on the work of Georgio Agamben and Judith Butler, I argue it can be viewed as an innovative tactic of governmentality whose technologies of surveillance ensure a culture of conformity in the NHS through which a ‘state of exception’ can be established and normalised. I illuminate this by examining two interrelated aspects of the Prevent duty: one, the decision by the government to embed Prevent within the existing rhetoric and practice of ‘safeguarding vulnerable children and adults’; and two, its discursive representation of the consulting room as ‘pre-criminal space’. I conclude by suggesting that the government’s determination to allow ‘no ungoverned space in which extremism is allowed to flourish’ targets the limits of acceptable speech and so the very conditions for radical thought and critique on which psychotherapy depends. 相似文献
249.
Carrie A. Ankerstein Rosemary A. Varley Patricia E. Cowell 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(1):172-176
In this article, we present 84 nonobjects we created by using the colored object pictures from Rossion and Pourtois (2004).
These nonobjects were explored on a number of measures, including object resemblance, visual complexity, and an object decision
task (ODT). Object resemblance for nonobjects is a construct comparable to the “word-likeness” of phonotactically legal pseudowords.
The nonobjects were rated as possible objects, showing similarity to real objects. Visual complexity ratings for objects and
nonobjects were comparable. In the ODT, response times (RTs) were significantly longer for nonobjects than for real-object
pictures. This RT difference is analogous to the word advantage, or lexicality effect, found in lexical decision tasks, in
which responses for words are generally faster than those for nonwords. This nonobject set is freely available and has the
advantage of having a companion set of real-object pictures. The nonobjects are available in color and in grayscale from brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
250.
Michael J. Lyons Timothy P. York Carol E. Franz Michael D. Grant Lindon J. Eaves Kristen C. Jacobson K. Warner Schaie Matthew S. Panizzon Corwin Boake Hong Xian Rosemary Toomey Seth A. Eisen William S. Kremen 《Psychological science》2009,20(9):1146-1152
ABSTRACT— Previous research has demonstrated stability of cognitive ability and marked heritability during adulthood, but questions remain about the extent to which genetic factors account for this stability. We conducted a 35-year longitudinal assessment of general cognitive ability using the Armed Forces Qualification Test administered to 7,232 male twins in early adulthood and readministered to a subset of 1,237 twins during late middle age. The proportion of variance in cognitive functioning explained by genetic factors was .49 in young adulthood and .57 in late middle age. The correlation between the two administrations was .74 with a genetic correlation of 1.0, indicating that the same genetic influences operated at both times. Genetic factors were primarily responsible for stability, and nonshared environmental factors were primarily responsible for change. The genetic factors influencing cognition may change across other eras, but the same genetic influences are operating from early adulthood to late middle age. 相似文献