Book reviews

Muhammad: a short biography.Martin Forward, 1997. Oxford, Oneworld. 131 pp., pb. £8.99, ISBN 1 85168 131 0

Image of the Prophet Muhammad in the West: a study of Muir, Margoliouth and Watt. Jabal Muhammad Buaben, 1996. Leicester, The Islamic Foundation. 394 pp., hb. n.p., ISBN 0 86037 260 X, pb. n.p., ISBN 0 86037 261 8

Seven Doors to Islam: spirituality and the religious life of Muslims. John Renard, 1996. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press. xv + 333 pp., pb. £13.95, ISBN 0 520 20417 4

Global Communication in Transition: the end of diversity?. Hamid Mowlana, 1996. Thousand Oaks, Sage Publications. 233 pp., pb. n.p., ISBN 0 8039 4319 9

Islamic Fundamentalism. Abdel Salam Sidahmed & Anoushiravan Ehteshami (Eds), 1996. Boulder, Oxford, Westview Press. 284 pp. hb. £43.95, ISBN 0 8133 2429 7; pb. £14.95. ISBN 0 8133 2430 0

Political Participation and Identities of Muslims in Non‐Muslim States. W. A. R. Shadid & P. S. van Koningsveld, 1996. Kampen, KOK, Pharos. 239 pp., hb. FF69,50, ISBN 90 390 0611 3

Islams d'Europe: intégration ou insertion communitaire?. Robert Bistolfi & François Zabbal (Eds), 1995. Paris: L'Aube. 382 pp., pb. FF160, ISBN 2 87678 201 4

Sectarian Influences Within Islam in Britain: with reference to the concept of ’ummah’ and ‘community‘. Ron Geaves, 1996. Leeds, Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Leeds. 319 pp., £8.00 ISBN 1871 363 047

Political Islam: essays from the Middle East report. Joel Beinin & Joe Stork (Eds), 1997 Berkeley, University of California Press 395 pp. pb.. Make a Shield from Wisdom: selected verses from Nasir‐i Khusraw's Divan. Annemarie Schimmel (Ed. and tr.), 1993. London and New York, Kegan Paul International. vii + 103 pp., n.p., ISBN 0 7103 0455 2

The Shape of the Holy: early Islamic Jerusalem. Oleg Grabar, 1996. Princeton, Princeton University Press. xiv + 232 pp. with 84 illustrations in color and black‐and‐white, hb. $65, ISBN 0 691036535     

Book reviews and notes

GENERAL.

UMMAH OR NATION?: IDENTITY CRISIS IN CONTEMPORARY MUSLIM SOCIETY. By Abdullah Al‐Ahsan. Wiltshire, U.K.: The Islamic Foundation, 1992. 158pp. Np. Pb. ISBN 0–86037–220–0; Hb. ISBN 0–86037–219–7.

GOLDEN ROADS, MIGRATION, PILGRIMAGE AND TRAVEL IN MEDIAEVAL AND MODERN ISLAM. Edited by Ian Richard Netton. London: Curzon Press Ltd., 1993. 193pp. Hb. £35.00; Pb. £16.99. ISBN Hb. 0–7007–0242–3; Pb. 0–7007–0243–1.

REGIONAL.

Africa.

THE ALHAZAI OF MARADI: TRADITIONAL HAUSA MERCHANTS IN A CHANGING SAHELIAN CITY. By Emmanuel Gregoire, edited and translated by Benjamin H. Hardy. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992. 185pp. Hb. Np. ISBN 1–55587–278–6.

RELIGION AND PEACE IN MULTI‐FAITH NIGERIA. Edited by Jacob Olupona. Ile‐Ife, Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo Univ. Press, 1992. 203pp. Pb. £7.50. No ISBN.

IN THE SHADOW OF CONQUEST: ISLAM IN COLONIAL NORTH EAST AFRICA. Edited by Said S. Samatar. New Jersey: Red Sea Press/African World Press, 1992.163pp. Pb. $12.95. ISBN 0–932415–70–9.

EUROPE.

IL RITORNO DELL'ISLAM: I MUSULMANI IN ITALIA. By Stefano Allievi and Felice Dassetto. Rome: Edizioni Lavoro, 1993. 291pp. Pb. Lire 35.000. ISBN 88–7910–541–8.

L'INSTITUT MUSULMAN DE LA MOSQUEE DE PARIS. By Alain Boyer. Paris: Centre des Hautes Etudes sur l'Afrique et l'Asie Modernes, 1992. 141pp. Pb. FF85. ISBN 2–903–182–34–5.

ASYLUM SEEKERS IN THE NETHERLANDS. Edited by Marjolein Brink and Mutiari Pasariboe. Amsterdam: Instituut voor Sociale Geografie, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1993. 98pp. Pb. DF117.50. ISBN 90–6993–079‐X.

EUROPE AND INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION. By Sarah Collinson. London and New York: Printer for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1993. 189pp. Hb. Np. ISBN 1–85567–049–6.

EUROPE'S FRAGMENTED IDENTITIES AND THE FRONTIERS OF CITIZENSHIP. By Soledad Garcia. Discussion papers, no. 45. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1992.26pp. Pb. £5.00. ISSN 0951–4171.

TOLERATION AND INTEGRITY IN A MULTI‐FAITH SOCIETY. Edited by John Horton and Harriet Crabtree. Department of Politics, University of York, 1992. 79pp. Pb. Np. ISBN 0–9519979–0–4.

TURKISH ATHENS: THE FORGOTTEN CENTURIES 1452–1832. By Molly Mackenzie. Reading: Garnet Press, 1993. 148pp. Pb. Np. ISBN 0–86372–143–5.

NOT EASY BEING BRITISH: COLOUR, CULTURE AND CITIZENSHIP. By Tariq Modood. Stoke‐on‐Trent: Trentham Books for Runnymede Trust, 1992. 93pp. Pb. £7.95. ISBN 0–948–080–47–7.

ISLAMIC DA'WAH IN THE WEST: MUSLIM MISSIONARY ACTIVITY AND THE DYNAMICS OF CONVERSION TO ISLAM. By Larry Poston. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. 220pp. Np. ISBN 0–19–507227–8.

Middle East.

THE ARAB PREDICAMENT: ARAB POLITICAL THOUGHT AND PRACTICE SINCE 1967. By Fouad Ajami. 2nd Edition. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 279pp. Pb. $11.95. ISBN 0–521–43833–0; Hb. $44.95. ISBN 6–521–43243‐X.

THE POLITICS OF PLANTING: ISRADLI‐PALESTINIAN COMPETITION FOR CONTROL OF LAND IN THE JERUSALEM PERIPHERY. By Shaul Ephraim Cohen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. 203pp. Pb. $19.50. ISBN 0–226–11274–4.

BALADI WOMEN OF CAIRO. By Evelyn A. Early. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992. 217pp. £29.85. ISBN 1–55587–277–8.

MIXED COURTS OF EGYPT. By Mark Hoyle. London: Graham & Trotwood, 1991. 206pp. Hb. £57.50; $117.00 (including surface postage). ISBN 1–85333–321–2.

CHRISTIAN‐MUSLIM RELA TIONS.

YESTERDAY, TODAY, TOMOROW. By Munawar Ahmad Anees, Syed Z. Abedin and Ziauddin Sardar. London: Grey Seal Books, 1991. 96pp. Pb. £5.95. ISBN 185–6400212.

CHRISTIAN MISSION AND ISLAMIC DA'WAH IN MALAYSIA. By Ghazali Basri. Kuala Lumpur: Nurin Enterprise, 1992. 68pp. Pb. $5.00. ISBN 967–984–0190–0.

THE BOUNDARIES OF GOD: MUSLIMS IN CONTACT WITH NON‐MUSLIMS. Edited by David Bentley. Pasadena, Ca.: Zwemer Institute of Muslim Studies, 1993. 42pp. Np. No ISBN.

THE SEVENTH CENTURY IN WEST‐SYRIAN CHRONICLES INCLUDING TWO SEVENTH‐CENTURY SYRIAC APOCALYPTIC TEXTS. Translated by Andrew Palmer and edited by Sebastian Brock and Robert Hoyland. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993. 305pp. Pb. £10.00. ISBN 8–85323–238–5.

SIGNS OF DIALOGUE: CHRISTIAN ENCOUNTER WITH MUSLIMS. By Michael Fitzgerald and Robert Caspar. Zamboanga City, Philippines: Silsilah Publications, 1992. x + 245pp. Pb. Np. ISBN 971–31–0005–0.

DIEU AIME CELUIQUIAIME LES DATTES; DIALOGUE JUDEO‐ISLAMO‐CHRETIEN. By Andrée Ghillet. Paris: Editions l'Harmattan, 1993. 286pp. Pb. FF140. ISBN 2–7384–1667–5.

MUSLIMS AND MISSIONARIES IN PRE‐MUTINY INDIA. By Avril A. Powell. London: Curzon Press, 1993. 339pp. Hb. £30. ISBN 0–7007–0210–5.

ORIENTAL RESPONSES TO THE WEST: COMPARATIVE ESSAYS IN SELECTED WRITERS FROM THE MUSLIM WORLD. By Nasrin Rahimieh. Leiden: Brill, 1990. 124pp. Pb. Np. ISBN 90–04–09177–7.

WOMEN IN SOCIETY ACCORDING TO ISLAM AND CHRISTIANITY. Acts of a Muslim‐Christian Colloquium organized jointly by The Pontifical Council for Interreligious Dialogue (Vatican City)and The Royal Academy for Islamic Civilization Research Al Albait Foundation (Amman). 24–26 June 1992. Rome, Italy: Vatican Press. 126pp. Pb. Np. No ISBN.     

Books reviews and notes

GENERAL.

ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM. By Youssef M. Choueiri. Themes in Right‐Wing Ideology and Politics Series, ed. Roger Eatwell, University of Bath. London: Pinter Publishers, 1990. 178pp. Hb. £27.50. ISBN 0–86187–923–6.

THE POLITICS OF PAN‐ISLAM: IDEOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION. By Jacob M. Landau. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990. 438pp. n.p. ISBN 0–19–827709–1.

“IHR ALLE ABER SEID BRÜDER”: FESTSCHRIFT FÜR A.Th. Khoury ZUM 60. GEBURTSTAG (“BUT ALL OF YOU ARE BROTHERS”: FESTSCHRIFT FOR A.Th. Khoury ON THE OCCASION OF HIS 6OTH BIRTHDAY). Ludwig Hagemann and Ernst Pulsfort (Hg.). Würzburger Forschungen zur Missions und Religionswissenschaft Abt. 2, Religionswissenschaftliche Studien 14. Würzburg: Echter; Altenberge: Telos‐Verlag, 1990. 640pp. Pb., n.p. ISBN 3–429–01303–8 (Echter); Hb., n.p. ISBN 3–429–01304–6 (Echter).

ORIENTALISM, ISLAM AND ISLAMISTS. Edited by Asaf Hussain, R. Olson & J. Qureshi. Brattleboro, Vermont: Amanda Books, 1984. 300pp. Pb.$9.95.

HERETIC AND HERO: Muhammad and the Victorians. By Philip C. Almond. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1989. 107pp. Hb. DM48.00. ISBN 0340‐ 6792.

THE ISLAMIC LAW OF PERSONAL STATUS. By Jamal J. Nasir. Arab and Islamic Laws Series. London: Graham & Trotman, 1990 (2nd edition). 358pp. Pb. £29.00, $55.00. ISBN 1–85333–280–1.

THE STATUS OF WOMEN UNDER ISLAMIC LAW. By Jamal J. Nasir. Arab and Islamic Laws Series. London: Graham & Trotman, 1990. 151pp. Pb. £29.50, $56.00. ISBN 1–85333–281‐X.

AN OVERVIEW OF MODERN ARABIC LITERATURE. By P. Cachia. Islamic Surveys no. 17. Edinburgh: University Press, 1990. 241pp. Hb., n.p. ISBN‐0‐ 7486–0132–5.

ENIGMATIC SAINT: Ahmad IBN Idris AND THE IDRISI TRADITION. By R.S. O'Fahey. London: Hurst and Company, 1990. 261pp. Hb. £25.00. ISBN 1–85065–087‐X.

ISLAM: THE STRAIGHT PATH. By John L. Esposito. New York. Oxford: OUP, 1988. viii + 230pp. Pb. £6.95. ISBN 0–19–504399–5.

CALLIGRAPHY AND ISLAMIC CULTURE. By Annemarie Schim‐mel. London: I.B. Tauris, 1990. xiv + 264pp. Pb. £14.95. ISBN 1–85043–187–6.

A POPULAR DICTIONARY OF SIKHISM. By W. Owen Cole and P. Singh Sambhi. London: Curzon Press and Glenn Dale: The Riverside Company, 1990. 163pp. Pb. £4.50. ISBN 0–70O7–0202–4.

SUNSHINE AT MADINAH. By Zakaria Bashier. Leicester: Islamic Foundation, 1990. 232pp. Pb., n.p. ISBN 0–86037–196–4.

ISLAMISCHER INTERNATIONALISMUS IM 20. JAHRHUNDERT (SLAMIC INTERNATIONALISM IN THE 20TH CENTURY). By Reinhard Schulze. Social, Economic and Political Studies of the Middle East, Vol.XII. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1990. 509pp. Hb. DF187.00, $93.50. ISBN 90–04–08268–7.

THE LANTERN OF THE PATH. By Ja'far Al‐Sadiq. London: Zahra Trust, 143pp. Pb. £6.95. ISBN 1–85230–062–0.

ISLAMIC BANKING. Edited and translated by Habib Shirazi. London: Butterworths, 1990. 104pp. Hb., n.p. ISBN 0–406–10035–7.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISLAMIC LIBRARY COLLECTIONS IN WESTERN EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA. By Stephan Roman. London: Mansell, 1990. 259pp. Hb. £40.00. ISBN 0–7201–2065–9.

LIVING RELIGIONS: AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF THE WORLD'S FAITHS. By Mary Pat Fisher and Robert Luyster. London: I.B. Tauris, 1990. 367pp. Hb. £19.95. ISBN 1–85043–299–6.

LE HAREM POLITIQUE: LE PROPHETE ET LES FEMMES (THE POLITICAL HAREM: THE PROPHET AMD WOMEN). By Fatima Mernissi. Paris: Albin Michel S.A., 1987. 294pp. Pb. FF98.00. ISBN 2–226–02941–9.

SULTANES OUBLIÉES: FEMMES CHEFS D'ÉTAT EN ISLAM (FORGOTTEN SULTANAS: WOMEN HEADS OF STATE IN ISLAM). By Fatima Mernissi. Paris: Albin Michel S.A., 1990.290pp. Pb. FF 120.00. ISBN 2–226–03954–6.

REGIONAL.

Africa.

L'ISLAM AU FÉMININ: SOKHNA MAGAT DIOP CHEIKH DE LA CONFREREIE MOURIDE (SENEGAL). (FEMININE ISLAM: SOKHNA MAGAT DIOP SHAIKH OF THE MOURIDE (SENEGAL). By Christian Coulon and Odile Reveyrand. Bordeaux: Institut d'Études Politiques, Université de Bordeaux, 1990. 41pp. FF35.00. ISBN 2–908065–02–9. ISSN 0298–8879.

Asia.

ISLAMISIERUNG IN PAKISTAN 1977–1984: UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR AUFLÖSUNG AUTOCHTONER STRUKTUREN (ISLAMIZATION IN PAKISTAN 1977–1984: INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE DISSOLUTION OF AUTOCHTONOUS STRUCTURES). By S. Jamal Malik. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1989. xvii, 475pp. DM90.00. ISBN 3–515–05389–1.

CHRISTIAN MISSION AND ISLAMIC DA'WAH IN MALAYSIA. By Ghazali Basri with a foreword by Abdul Rahman I. Doi. Kuala Lumpur: Nurin Enterprise, 1990. 72pp. Pb.,$5.00. ISBN 967–984–0190–0.

PAKISTAN: A POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC HISTORY SINCE 1947. By Omar Noman. London: Kegan Paul Int., 1990. 238pp. Pb. £7.95. ISBN 0–7103–0389–0.

COMMUNITY AND CONSENSUS IN ISLAM: MUSLIM REPRESENTATION IN COLONIAL INDIA, 1860–1947. By Farzana Shaikh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 255pp. Hb.£27.50; $44.50. ISBN 0–521–36328–4.

Europe.

ISLAM — EEN NIEUW GELOOF IN NEDERLAND (A NEW RELIGION IN THE NETHERLANDS). Edited by P. Reesink. Baarn: Ambo, 1991. 263 pp. ISBN 90–263–1022–7.

ONTMOETING VAN MOSLEMS EN CHRISTENEN — GRENSVERLENGGENDE VERKENNINGEN (ENCOUNTERS WITH MUSLIMS AND CHRISTIANS—EXPLORING THE EXTENSION OF BOUNDARIES). Edited by Jan van Lin. Hilversum: Gooi & Sticht, 1990. 128 pp. Pb. ISBN 90–304–0533–3.

DE MOSKEE IS OM DE HOEK — ONTMOETING MET ISLAMTTISCHE JONGEREN ( THE MOSQUE IS AROUND THE CORNER — ENCOUNTERS WITH MUSLIM YOUTH). By Trees Andree, Ariane van Ddk & Kartn de Jonge. s'‐Gravenhage: Boekencentrum B.V., 1990. 159 pp. ISBN 90–239–0036–7.

MOSLEMS IN NEDERLAND — MINDERHEDEN EN RELIGIE IN CULTURELE SAMENLEWING (MUSLIMS IN THE NETHERLANDS — MINORITIES AND RELIGION IN – CULTURAL SOCIETY). By W.A.R. Shadid & P.S. van Koningsveld. Alphen aan den Rijn: Samson Stafleu, 1990. 159 pp. ISBN 90–14–03476–7.

DISTORTED IMAGINATION: LESSONS FROM THE RUSHDIE AFFAIR. By Ziaddin Sardar and Merryl Wyn Davies. London: Grey Seal Books, 1990. 303pp. Hb., £14.95. ISBN 1–85640‐ 000‐X.

SCHOOLS OF FAITH: RELIGIOUS SCHOOLS IN A MULTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Edited by Commission for Racial Equality. London: Commission for Racial Equality, 1990.22pp. Pb. £2.00. ISBN 1–85442–037–2.

Middle East.

THE WRATH OF JONAH: THE CRISIS OF RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM IN THE ISRAELI‐PALESTINIAN CONFLICT. By Rosemary R. Ruether and Herman J. Ruether. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1989. xxi, 277pp. Pb. $19.95. ISBN 0–06–066837–7.

AL‐INTILIJINSIYYA AL‐^CARABIYYA: AL‐MUTHAQQAFDN WA AL‐SULTA (THE ARAB INTELLIGENSIA: INTELLECTUALS AND AUTHORITY). Edited by Sa^cd Al‐D in Ibrahim. ^cAmman: Montada al‐Fikr al‐^cArabi (Amman: Arab Thought Forum), 1988. 584pp. (Arabic).

AL‐BU^CD AL‐DINI FI AL‐SIYASA AL‐AMRIKIYYA TUJAH AL‐SIRA^C AL‐ARABI AL‐SAHYUNI: DIRASA FI AL‐HARAKA AL‐MASIHIYYA AL‐USULIYYA AL‐AMRIKIYYA (THE RELIGIOUS DIMENSION IN AMERICAN POLICY TOWARDS THE ARABZIONIST CONFLICT: A STUDY OF THE AMERICAN CHRISTIAN FUNDAMENTALIST MOVEMENT). By Yūsuf Al‐Hasan. Bayrūt: Markaz Dirasat al‐Wahda al‐^cArabiyya (Beirut: Centre for Arab Unity Studies), 1990. 222pp. (Arabic).

AL‐SAHWA AL‐ISLAMIYYA WA HUMUM AL‐WATAN AL‐^CARABI (THE ISLAMIC AWAKENING AND THE WORRIES AND CONCERNS OF THE ARAB COUNTRIES). Edited by Sa^cd Al‐Din Ibrahim. ^cAmman: Muntada al‐Fikr al‐^cArabi (Amman: Arab Thought Forum), 1988. 412pp (Arabic).

PITY THE POOR NATION: LEBANON AT WAR. By Robert Fisk. Oxford: OUP, 1991. 662pp. Pb. £6.99. ISBN 0–19–285235–3.

MUSADDIQ AND THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER IN IRAN. By Homa Katouzian. London: I.B. Tauris, 1990. 305pp. Hb. £24.95. ISBN 1–85043–210–4.

POLITICS OF PARTITION: KING ABDULLAH, THE ZIONISTS AND PALESTINE 1921–1951. By Avi Shlaim. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990. 465pp. Pb. £7.95. ISBN 0–19–285223‐X.

BA'TH V BA'TH: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN SYRIA AND IRAQ 1968–1989. By Eberhard Kienle. London: I.B.Tauris, 1990. 238pp. Hb. £29.95. ISBN 1–85043–192–2.

MODERNITY AND TRADITION: THE SAUDI EQUATION. By Fouad Al‐Farsy. London: KPI Ltd, 1990. 337pp. Hb. £45.00. ISBN 0–7103–0395–5.

CHRISTIAN‐MUSLIM RELATIONS.

THE RISE OF HUMANISM IN CLASSICAL ISLAM AND THE CHRISTIAN WEST. By George Makdisi. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1990. 431pp. Hb. £45.00. ISBN 0–85224–630–7.

POUR UN REGARD CHRÉTIEN SUR L'ISLAM. By Robert Caspar. Religions en Dialogue. Collection dirigée par Dennis Gira. Paris: Centurion, 1990. 206pp. PD.135FF. ISBN 2–227–36303–7.

COUPLES ISLAMO‐CHRÉTIENS: PROMESSE OU IMPASSE (MUSLIM‐CHRISTIAN COUPLES: HOPE OR IMPASSE). By Daisy Benturqui ET AL. Lausanne: Editions du SOC, 1990. 107pp. Pb., n.p.

THE CHALLENGE OF THE SCRIPTURES: THE BIBLE AND THE QURAN. Muslim‐Christian Research Group. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1989. 104pp. Pb., n.p. ISBN 0–88344–650–2.     

Gender Differences in Marital and Life Satisfaction among Chinese Malaysians

This study examined gender differences in marital and life satisfaction in a convenience sample of 425 Chinese Malaysian men (41%) and women (59%). Consistent with findings in many Western cultures, gender role theory predictions were supported in this study. While controlling for age and education, MANCOVA tests revealed men reporting higher levels of marital satisfaction than women, whereas gender differences in life satisfaction were not found. Hierarchical regression analyses showed marital satisfaction significantly predicted life satisfaction for both men and women, but the influence was greater for women. Results are discussed with reference to the Chinese Malaysian cultural context.     

Buffered forgetting: When targets and distractors are both forgotten

In three experiments, we investigated prior findings that, following some memory tasks, essentially flat d' or forced-choice retention curves are produced. These curves have been interpreted as indicating that forgetting is not present over the intervals examined; however, we propose in this article that forgetting is actually present whenever hit rates and false alarm rates are both declining, despite the result being a flat retention curve. We demonstrate that such curves can be produced using a pair recognition procedure, a plurality discrimination task, and a verbal discrimination task. For all of these tasks, we provide either new evidence or refer to evidence already in the literature that tends to contradict alternative explanations. Then we show how the failure to consider both signal strength and noise has led to distortions in theoretical thinking about forgetting.     

Hostage negotiation: Law enforcement's most effective nonlethal weapon

Hostage negotiation is perhaps the most explicitly psychological law enforcement discipline. The hostage negotiator attempts to form a trusting relationship with the hostage-taker, to foster a sense of mutual interest and concern in the surrounded group, and to act as a credible broker between the hostage-taker and the authorities. The technique has been applied to hostage situations involving trapped criminals, subjects with mental disorders, prison inmates, and terrorists. Although family members, friends, and helping professionals can provide useful information to help the negotiators, only law enforcement officers who are not in a command role should negotiate directly with the hostage-taker. Careful selection and training, including multiple role playing exercises, can prepare negotiators for the considerable stresses they must face. These include deadlines, victim precipitated deaths, and the potential involvement of the negotiator in a tactical resolution of the hostage incident. Recently, the principles of hostage negotiation have been applied in a growing range of crisis situations.     

Book reviews

The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. John L. Esposito (Ed.), 1995. New York, Oxford, Oxford University Press. 4 vols, £295.00, ISBN 0 19 506613 8.

Deciphering the Signs of God: a phenomenological approach to Islam. Annemarie Schimmel, 1994. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press. 302 pp., hb. £39.50, ISBN 0 7486 0460 X.

The Rainbow of Faiths. John Hick, 1995. London, SCM Press. 160 pp., pb. £9.95, ISBN 0 334 02608 3.

Scholarly Approaches to Religion, Interreligious Perceptions, and Islam. Jacques Waahdenburg, (Ed.), 1995. Bern, Berlin, Frankfurt a. M., New York, Paris, Vienna, Peter Lang. 464 pp., hb. Sf76. (= £38), ISBN 3 906752 93 3.

Tariqat al‐Tahin al‐Balaghi wa al‐Tafsir. Roland Meynet, Louis Pouzet, Naila Farouki & Ahyaf Sinno, 1993. Beirut, Lebanon, Dar al‐Mashriq. 306 pp., pb. n.p., ISBN 2 7214 5003 4.

Religious Polemic and the Intellectual History of the Mozarabs, c. 1050–1200. T. Burman, 1994. Leiden, E. J. Brill. 407 pp., hb. np., ISBN 90 04 09910 7.

Justice, Courtesy and Love: theologians and missionaries encountering world religions, 1846–1914. Kenneth Cracknell, 1995. London, Epworth Press. 459 pp, pb. £20, ISBN 0 7162 0501 7.

Mission and Dialogue. Michael Nazir‐Ali, 1995. London, SPCK Press. 152 pp, pb., £8.99, ISBN 0 281 04810 X.

Early Mamluk Diplomacy (1260–1290): treaties of Baybars and Qalawun with Christian rulers. P. M. Holt, 1995. Leiden, E. J. Brill. 161 pp., hb. NLG 100, ISBN 90 04 10246 9.

The Search for Fundamentals: the process of modernization and the quest for meaning. Lieteke Van Vucht Tljssen, Jan Berting & Frank Lechner (Eds), 1995. Dordrecht, The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers. 293 pp., £80.00, 0 7923 3542 2.

Religion und prosoziales Verhalten Ein Symposion. Walter Kerber, (Ed.), 1995. Munchen, Kindt Verlag. 224 pp., hb. DM.36.00, ISBN 3 925412 18 2.

Nationalism, Ethnicity and Cultural Identity in Europe. (Comparative Studies in Migration and Ethnic Relations 1). Keebat von Benda‐Beckman & Maykel Verkuyten (Eds), 1995. Utrecht, European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations (ERCOMER). 199 pp., £11.95, ISBN 90 75719 01 9.

‘Das Projekt Weltethos’ in der Erziehung: Referate und Ergebnisse des Nurnberger Forums 1994. Johannes Lahnemann (Ed.), 1995. Hamburg, E.B. Verlag. 410 pp., pb. n.p., ISBN 3 923002 86 6.

Fundamentalism and Intellectuals in Egypt, 1973–1993. David Sagiv, 1995. London, Frank Cass. 188 pp., hb. £35, ISBN 0 7146 4581 8.

Being Human in Africa: toward an African Christian anthropology. Augustine C. Musopole, 1994. New York, Peter Lang. 261 pp., pb. n.p., ISBN 0 8204 2304 1.

Russians in the Former Soviet Republics. Paul Kolstoe with a contribution by Andrei Edemsky, 1995. London, Hurst & Company. 340 pp., hb. £35.00, ISBN 1 8065 206