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211.
David G. White Keith C. Phillips Brian R. Clifford Marie M. Davies Joseph R. Elliott Marian K. Pitts 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》1989,8(2):130-143
The knowledge level about HIV/AIDS among American adolescents aged 16 to 19 has been assessed on several occasions, showing
that in recent years their knowledge base has improved. The knowledge bases of British adolescents and of adolescents younger
than 16 have been largely ignored. In attempting to assess the likely impact on present or future behaviors of increasing
adolescents’ knowledge base about AIDS it is important to also know something of adolescents’ attitudes to intimate relationships
and to sex within those relationships. Previous studies have not linked these two aspects. In this study two hundred London
schoolchildren aged 14 and 15 years completed a questionnaire tapping both their knowledge about HIV infection and its transmission
and their attitudes to intimate relationships. Their answers revealed that they had absorbed the simple media messages about
AIDS, that it kills and that use of a condom during sex offers protection. However they were less well informed on detailed
aspects of prevention, although, worryingly, they believed that they knew all that they needed to about preventive measures.
The majority had attitudes to intimate relationships that were compatible with the message of restricting their number of
sexual partners; however, a significant minority did not. The latter were more likely to deny the risk associated with promiscuity.
It is suggested that school-based AIDS education programs should help individuals to develop new attitudes to intimate relationships
that are compatible with risk avoidance. 相似文献
212.
Both adult and juvenile nonhuman primates can be unpredictable, difficult to handle, and potentially dangerous. Accordingly, in evaluating their activity level, they must be carefully confined. We have modified and redesigned an exercise system for primates. The exercise wheel was originally described by Curran, Wiegel, and Stevens (1972) and later adapted by Elizondo (1989). Our modifications and training procedures, which allowed us to bring the behavior of the monkey under stimulus control within 4 weeks, are described here. 相似文献
213.
Financial interests of authors in scientific journals: A pilot study of 14 publications 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Disclosure of financial interests in scientific research is the centerpiece of the new conflict of interest regulations issued
by the U.S. Public Health Service and the National Science Foundation that became effective October 1, 1995. Several scientific
journals have also established financial disclosure requirements for contributors.
This paper measures the frequency of selected financial interests held among authors of certain types of scientific publications
and assesses disclosure practices of authors. We examined 1105 university authors (first and last cited) from Massachusetts
institutions whose 789 articles, published in 1992, appeared in 14 scientific and medical journals.
Authors are said to “possess a financial interest” if they are listed as inventors in a patent or patent application closely
related to their published work; serve on a scientific advisory board of a biotechnology company; or are officers, directors,
or major shareholders (beneficial owner of 10% or more of stock issued) in a firm that has commercial interests related to
their research. Applying the criteria to the reference population of journals and Massachusetts academic authors, we measured
the following frequencies for lead authors: .20 for serving on a scientific advisory board; .07 for being an officer, director,
or major shareholder in a biotechnology firm; and .22 for being listed as an inventor in a related patent or patent application.
The joint frequency of articles in the journals reviewed with a lead author that meets one of the three conditions is .34.
Implications of these results for the new conflict of interest guidelines and disclosure policies are discussed. 相似文献
214.
Michael E. Doherty Randall Chadwick Hugh Garavan David Barr Clifford R. Mynatt 《Memory & cognition》1996,24(5):644-654
Two lines of prior research into the conditions under which people seek information are examined in light of two statistical definitions of diagnosticity. Five experiments are reported. In two, subjects selected information in order to test a hypothesis. In the remaining three, they selected information in order to convince someone else of the truth of a known hypothesis. A total of 567 university students served as subjects. The two primary conclusions were as follows: (1) When the task is highly structured by the environment, subjects select information diagnostically, and (2) when the task is less structured, so that subjects must seek relevant information not manifest, they select information pseudodiagnostically. Possible relations to other laboratory inference tasks and to clinical judgment are discussed. 相似文献
215.
Three procedures were assessed to determine their effectiveness in reducing anger. The procedures were: desensitization, desensitization with cognitive relaxation, and desensitization with the absence of relaxation training. Anger was aroused by exposing white males, selected for their reports of anger toward blacks, to black racial stimuli. The desensitization group reported reductions in anxiety and disgust relative to a no-treatment control group. Therapist ratings indicated reductions in anger for Ss in both the desensitization and desensitization with cognitive relaxation groups. In addition the latter group reported reductions in anger concurrently with increases in diastolic and systolic blood pressure. Post-hoc analyses indicated that Ss for whom desensitization was most effective reported less anger after the pretreatment anger arousal procedure, greater depth of relaxation during treatment, and were liked more by their therapists. These Ss also reported a greater reduction in ethnocentrism and a trend toward lower overt hostility following treatment. 相似文献
216.
When the head is returned to upright after prolonged backward tilt, people who are asked to look straight ahead look higher than they did before the backward tilting. One explanation attributes the illusory visual direction to a change in muscle responsiveness which develops after the head is returned to upright. According to this explanation, the illusory shift should be absent, or at least reduced, if the subjects are not returned to upright before testing. In the present study, the illusion was the same whether subjects remained tilted for testing or were returned to upright. 相似文献
217.
A 32-item multiple choice test, When I Was Born, was designed to measure adolescents' perceptions of parental reactions at the time of their births. A total of 372 subjects, ages 11 through 20 years, were administered the test. The population included 140 physically normal subjects, 97 adolescents with acquired physical problems, and 135 subjects with congenital physical anomalies. Factor analyses of test data using 100 normal subjects as the criterion population identified four factors: Parental Emotion, Parental Apprehension, Parental Pride, and Parental Nurturance. On all four factors, normal subjects had the highest scores, and subjects with congenital anomalies had the lowest scores. The findings suggest that the test measures both adolescents' projected feelings about parental reactions at their birth and the current impact of a physical problem on the child. 相似文献
218.
This article describes an experiential approach to pre-group preparation and screening. The technique is described in some detail, as is the underlying rationale. The authors believe that such an approach to pre-group preparation and screening expands upon the more familiar cognitive approaches and allows both therapist and patient a trial run of group psychotherapy. 相似文献
219.
In this paper the authors describe a method of pre-group preparation which has the function of establishing and maintaining a working alliance between the client and the therapist, reducing unproductive anxiety, generating hope for future productive therapeutic work, as well as providing the therapist with a screening technique for assessing the type of group composition that would be most beneficial for the client.We are grateful to our colleague, the late Walter Gruen, whose comments on this paper contributed to the final product. 相似文献
220.