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241.
Previous studies have shown that two-frame motion detection thresholds are elevated if one frame's contrast is raised, despite the increase in average contrast--the "contrast paradox". In this study, we investigated if such contrast interactions occurred at a monocular or binocular site of visual processing. Two-frame motion direction discrimination thresholds were measured for motion frames that were presented binocularly, dichoptically or interocularly. Thresholds for each presentation condition were measured for motion frames that comprised either matched or unmatched contrasts. The results showed that contrast mechanisms producing the contrast paradox combine contrast signals from both eyes prior to motion computation. Furthermore, the results are consistent with the existence of monocular and binocular contrast gain control mechanisms that coexist either as combined or independent systems. 相似文献
242.
If odor perception involves mnemonic processes, differences in olfactory experience should affect discriminative ability. This was examined here by comparing discriminative performance in children and adults. Using an oddity test of discrimination, in Experiment 1 we tested 6-year-olds (G1), 11-year-olds (G6), and adults (A) on their ability to discriminate unfamiliar odors that varied either in quality (Q) or in quality and intensity (QI). G1 participants were poorer at discriminating the QI set, relative to G6 and A. In Experiment 2, we used an analogous visual procedure and confirmed that this age-related difference was olfactory specific. In Experiment 3, we repeated Experiment 1 but used an articulatory suppression task. G1 participants were poorer than G6 and A participants for both the Q and the QI sets. The implications of these findings for experiential accounts of odor perception and olfactory working memory are discussed. 相似文献
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245.
Joseph Rotblat and the Moral Responsibilities of the Scientist 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Martin Clifford Underwood 《Science and engineering ethics》2009,15(2):129-134
Professor Sir Joseph Rotblat was one of the most distinguished scientists and peace campaigners of the post second world war
period. He made significant contributions to nuclear physics and worked on the development of the atomic bomb. He then became
one of the world’s leading researchers into the biological effects of radiation. His life from the early 1950s until his death
in August 2005 was devoted to the abolition of nuclear weapons and peace. For this he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, together
with Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs (that he helped found) in 1995. His work in this area ranked with that
of Albert Einstein and Bertrand Russell and this article is an attempt to summarise his life, achievements, but in particular
outline his views on the moral responsibilities of the scientist. He is a towering intellectual figure and his contributions
to mankind should be better known and more widely understood.
相似文献
Martin Clifford UnderwoodEmail: Email: |
246.
Kevin R. Brooks Edwina Keen Daniel Sturman Jonathan Mond Richard J. Stevenson Ian D. Stephen 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2020,111(4):742-761
Body image disturbance – a cause of distress amongst the general population and those diagnosed with various disorders – is often attributed to the media’s unrealistic depiction of ideal bodies. These ideals are strongly gendered, leading to pronounced fat concern amongst females, and a male preoccupation with muscularity. Recent research suggests that visual aftereffects may be fundamental to the misperception of body fat and muscle mass – the perceptual component of body image disturbance. This study sought to establish the influence of gender on these body aftereffects. Male and female observers were randomly assigned to one of four adaptation conditions (low-fat, high-fat, low-muscle, and high-muscle bodies) and were asked to adjust the apparent fat and muscle levels of male and female bodies to make them appear as ‘normal’ as possible both before adaptation and after adaptation. While neither the gender of observers nor of body stimuli had a direct effect, aftereffect magnitude was significantly larger when observers viewed own-gender (compared with other-gender) stimuli. This effect, which may be due to attentional factors, could have implications for the development of body image disturbance, given the preponderance of idealized own-gender bodies in media marketed to male and female consumers. 相似文献
247.
Mhairi Bowe Debra Gray Clifford Stevenson Niamh McNamara Juliet R. H. Wakefield Blerina Kellezi Iain Wilson Michelle Cleveland Elizabeth Mair Moon Halder Sebastiano Costa 《European journal of social psychology》2020,50(7):1523-1539
Cohesive, resilient communities are vital to the well-being of residents. Uncovering the determinants of successful community identities is therefore essential to progressing the community health agenda. Engaging in community participation through volunteering may be one pathway to building local community identity and enhancing residents’ health and well-being, but the group processes connecting them remain unexplored. We conducted two studies investigating these dynamics using the “Social Cure” perspective. First, we analysed 53 in-depth interviews with volunteers, finding that community relationships shaped their experiences and that volunteering influenced their sense of community belonging, support, and well-being. Second, a community survey (N = 619) revealed that volunteering predicts well-being through the serial mediators of community identification and social support. Our article demonstrates the Social Cure processes involved in community-based volunteering, their impact on community identity, support and well-being, and their implications for community health, and the provision and sustainability of community voluntary action and interventions. 相似文献
248.
Robert J. Harmon Peggy J. Stall Robert N. Emde Clifford Siegel Ruth S. Kempe Margaret Hitchman Margolin Rex McGehee Susan R. Frederick 《Infant mental health journal》1990,11(2):97-112
Rebecca was a 2 1/2 -year-old Caucasian female who was brought to the Infant Psychiatry Clinic by her 28-year-old widowed mother. Her mother's chief concern was around parenting issues as well as how to explain to Rebecca the death of her father. This loss occurred when Rebecca was 6 months old and was a source of great pain and unresolved grief to her mother. Central to this case was the chaotic history of Rebecca's mother, who was a victim of incest from the time she was 13 until she was 23 years old. Both of her parents struggled with chronic alcoholism during much of her childhood. It appeared that a factor precipitating the mother's request for help was her struggle to move out of her own mother's home. This outpatient Infant Clinic case involved two primary goals: (1) the assessment of the parent-child relationship and (2) the development of confidence in this “good enough” mother. Vitally important to the process of treatment was the mother's modulation of timing and frequency of sessions. The issue of pacing was carefully monitored as this mother could have been overwhelmed by delving precipitously into her incestuous history. The use of a structured videotape interview to address mother-child interaction and parenting issues was particularly helpful. Referral to an AlAnon group provided the mother with social support as she separated herself from her alcoholic mother and moved toward autonomy in her own parenting role. 相似文献
249.
Richard Clements Ph.D. Clifford H. Swensen 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2000,19(2):110-119
The present study examined the relationships between several independent variables (ego development, commitment to the spouse,
length of marriage, church attendance, and sex of subject) and three marital quality variables (marriage problems, expression
of love, and dyadic adjustment) in a community sample of 72 married couples age 50 and up. Commitment to the spouse was the
strongest and most consistent predictor of marital quality; commitment was negatively related to marriage problems and positively
related to expression of love and dyadic adjustment. The other independent variables were generally unrelated to marital quality. 相似文献
250.
Clifford W. Brooks Charles O. Matthews 《Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling》2000,21(1):23-33
This study explored the relationship between scores on the Spiritual Well‐Being Scale and subscales from the Rokeach Value Survey and the Personal Orientation Inventory of substance abuse counselors in the Commonwealth of Virginia. This study also examined the impact of counselors' spiritual well‐being on the spiritual well‐being of patients in their clinical care. The results indicated that the values of wisdom and loving from the Rokeach Value Survey and self‐acceptance from the Personal Orientation Inventory accounted for approximately half of the spiritual well‐being variance. These variables could be used as indicators in the supervisory process, could help promote substance abuse counselors' spiritual well‐being, and could educate counselors on burnout prevention. Follow‐up findings indicated a statistically significant change score on patients' pretest and posttest scores on the Spiritual Well‐Being Scale, indicating an increase in patients' spiritual wellbeing while in inpatient addiction treatment. 相似文献