Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine if hostility is associated with physical and mental health-related quality of life (QoL) in US. Hispanics/Latinos after accounting for depression and anxiety.
Methods: Analyses included 5313 adults (62% women, 18–75 years) who completed the ancillary sociocultural assessment of the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. Participants completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, Spielberger Trait Anxiety Scale, Spielberger Trait Anger Scale, Cook–Medley Hostility cynicism subscale and Short Form Health Survey. In a structural regression model, associations of hostility with mental and physical QoL were examined.
Results: In a model adjusting for age, sex, disease burden, income, education and years in the US., hostility was related to worse mental QoL, and was marginally associated with worse physical QoL. However, when adjusting for the influence of depression and anxiety, greater hostility was associated with better mental QoL, and was not associated with physical QoL.
Conclusions: Results indicate observed associations between hostility and QoL are confounded by symptoms of anxiety and depression, and suggest hostility is independently associated with better mental QoL in this population. Findings also highlight the importance of differentiating shared and unique associations of specific emotions with health outcomes. 相似文献
Adynamic aphasia is a form of transcortical motor aphasia characterized by sparse but otherwise normal spontaneous speech that may improve when concepts are introduced by external stimuli. Akinesia, impaired concept formation, inertia of concept generation, a defective semantic network, damage or impaired access to the verbal output lexicon, and defective semantic strategy formation have been proposed to account for this disorder. We studied a patient with adynamic aphasia and frontal lobe systems dysfunction due to bilateral striatocapsular infarctions. The patient was not akinetic but did demonstrate inertia of concept generation that could be overcome with prompting. However, prompting did not improve the number of concepts generated. He demonstrated a generally intact verbal lexicon and semantic network and normal lexical priming. However, his ability to sort closely related items into different classes without prior cuing regarding the nature of the classes was defective. Although his verbal memory was normal, he appeared to use a serial rather than a semantic strategy to recall items. Finally, despite normal lexical priming, he was impaired on a letter fluency task. These results most clearly demonstrate a defect in semantic strategy formation but indicate an additional and possibly related deficit in concept formation and a partial deficit in lexical strategy formation. All of these deficits appear to reflect impairment in the hierarchical organization of knowledge specific to the task at hand. This appears to be a key component of executive functions supported by frontal lobe systems. 相似文献
Water-deprived rats were studied under a compound schedule that prescribed that responses terminating interresponse times (IRTs) greater than a fixed value t1 (IRT > t1 component schedule) initiated a delay of reinforcement interval t2, at the end of which water was presented if the subject did not respond ( > t2 component schedule). If the subject responded before the t2 interval elapsed, the IRT > t1 component schedule was re-initiated and water was not presented. The IRT > t1 and > t2 component schedules were not differentially correlated with distinctive stimuli. Rate of responding during the IRT > t1 component decreased as a function of the value of t2. The magnitude of the decreases in response rate appeared to be proportional to the subject's rate under the IRT > t schedule with no delay of reinforcement (t2 = 0 sec). The effects were independent of the parameter value of the IRT > t1 component schedule and of the rate of reinforcement. The results suggested that “efficiency” of performance under IRT > t schedules can be increased by appropriately arranging brief delays of reinforcement. 相似文献
An apparatus was designed to monitor handwriting behavior. Two subjects were studied under various schedules of monetary reinforcement for handwriting. The different schedules engendered and maintained distinctive response patterns but the rates of sustained responding did not vary across schedules. The development of fixed-interval performance following continuous reinforcement resembled the same transition in lower animals. In one subject, availability of reading material interacted with the schedule to determine response pattern. It was suggested that handwriting may be a more appropriate response for the experimental analysis of human behavior than the more frequently used button-pushing or lever-pulling responses. 相似文献
Three pigeons were exposed to a positive automaintenance procedure in which each trial began with a brief tone followed by the transillumination of a small central area of the response key for 10 sec. Key illumination was followed by food on 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 0% of the trials. The effects depended on the dependent variable observed. The mean rate of responding during key illumination rapidly increased and then decreased slightly as the percentage of key illuminations paired with food increased. The number of key illuminations during which at least one response occurred increased as a negatively accelerating function of the percentage of key illuminations paired with food, and the mean latency to the first response during the key illuminations decreased as a negatively decelerating function of the percentage condition. The mean rate of sustained responding during key illumination was not systematically affected by changes in the percentage conditions. 相似文献
Une comparaison interculturelle portant sur le phénomène de consistance cognitive a été effectuée en appliquant à quarante-cinq sujets américains et quarante-cinq sujets grecs un questionnaire écrit basé sur trois paradigmes classiques de la théorie de l'équilibration. Comme prévu, d'importantes différences interculturelles sont apparues dans les réponses des deux groupes, l'effet de compensation équilibrante s'avérant inexistant chez les Grecs. De plus, à l'intérieur même du groupe américain, les sujets universitaires se distinguent de façon marquée du reste de leurs compatriotes. Les auteurs discutent la validité d'un modèle de consistance cognitive opérant universellement comme une tendance irrésistible à résoudre les déséquilibres cognitifs par un ajustement automatique des attitudes. 相似文献
Three distinct reading mechanisms have been proposed: the phonologic conversion system in which letters are converted to their sound equivalents (phonemes) before meaning is established, and two lexical or whole-word mechanisms in which a word (or root morpheme) is identified as a single unit rather than by phonologic conversion. The two lexical mechanisms differ in that one is inextricably linked to semantics but the other is not. The phonologic conversion system may depend more on the perisylvian phonologic system than do the lexical mechanisms, which may be mediated by left parietal or occipital areas or by the right hemisphere. Described here is a patient who had an infarction that partially isolated the perisylvian speech areas and disconnected the partially preserved lexical systems from the phonologic mechanism. He read visually presented orthographically irregular words but could not pronounce orally spelled irregular words. Although he could not read nonwords, he could pronounce orally spelled nonwords and orthographically regular words. These observations suggest that the lexical and phonologic conversion systems are functionally and anatomically distinct. 相似文献
An early version of the computer gameStar Trek was modified to conduct behavioral research. By appropriate use of the starship’s weapon and defense systems, the player can kill enemy ships and avoid destruction. The player’s moves, as well as the time and state of the game environment when each move occurs, are recorded. The procedure tracks performance changes over time very well, and allows the dissection of performance into sequences of commands that reflect the subject’s play strategy. Computer games such asStar Trek could be the basis for experiments that bridge the gap between operant and cognitive research. 相似文献