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71.
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Rodrigo Borges 《The Southern journal of philosophy》2016,54(4):463-479
Anti‐luck epistemologists tell us that knowledge is incompatible with epistemic luck and that epistemic luck is just a special case of luck in general. Much work has been done on the intricacies of the first claim. In this paper, I scrutinize the second claim. I argue that it does not survive scrutiny. I then offer an analysis of luck that explains the relevant data and avoids the problems from which the current views of luck suffer. However, this analysis of luck is of no help to the anti‐luck epistemologist for it uses knowledge to explain luck, making this account of knowledge circular. The main lesson is that the only viable analysis of luck is not suited for the anti‐luck epistemologist's coveted noncircular analysis of knowledge. 相似文献
73.
An alternative approach to calculating Area‐Under‐the‐Curve (AUC) in delay discounting research 下载免费PDF全文
Allison M. Borges Jinyi Kuang Hannah Milhorn Richard Yi 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》2016,106(2):145-155
Applied to delay discounting data, Area‐Under‐the‐Curve (AUC) provides an atheoretical index of the rate of delay discounting. The conventional method of calculating AUC, by summing the areas of the trapezoids formed by successive delay‐indifference point pairings, does not account for the fact that most delay discounting tasks scale delay pseudoexponentially, that is, time intervals between delays typically get larger as delays get longer. This results in a disproportionate contribution of indifference points at long delays to the total AUC, with minimal contribution from indifference points at short delays. We propose two modifications that correct for this imbalance via a base‐10 logarithmic transformation and an ordinal scaling transformation of delays. These newly proposed indices of discounting, AUClog d and AUCor d, address the limitation of AUC while preserving a primary strength (remaining atheoretical). Re‐examination of previously published data provides empirical support for both AUClog d and AUCor d . Thus, we believe theoretical and empirical arguments favor these methods as the preferred atheoretical indices of delay discounting. 相似文献
74.
Doddering but dear … even in the eyes of young children? Age stereotyping and prejudice in childhood and adolescence 下载免费PDF全文
Christin‐Melanie Vauclair Ricardo Borges Rodrigues Sibila Marques Carla Sofia Esteves Filipa Cunha Filomena Gerardo 《International journal of psychology》2018,53(Z1):63-70
This study aims to explore age prejudice, and to examine age stereotyping in children and adolescents by adopting the Stereotype Content Model (SCM) as a theoretical framework. It was hypothesised that children are socialised into adopting an ambivalent representation of old age (socialisation hypothesis) and that this cognitive bias becomes weaker in adolescence due to greater cognitive maturity (developmental hypothesis). By analysing representative data from Portugal (European Social Survey; N = 2367), it was ascertained that the ambivalent age stereotype (higher evaluations of warmth than competence for older people) is indeed a shared social representation of older people in Portuguese society. A total of 103 Portuguese children (6–10 year olds) and adolescents (11–15 year olds) were then sampled from a local school and responded to age‐appropriate measures assessing age prejudice as well as age stereotypes. Contrary to previous studies, the findings do not provide evidence for the existence of age prejudice because both children and adolescents reported positive feelings towards older people. However, the socialisation hypothesis was corroborated by showing that the ambivalent old age stereotype was already present in childhood. Contrary to the stipulated developmental hypothesis, the magnitude of this cognitive bias was very similar in adolescence. 相似文献
75.
Christina W. Hoven Cristiane S. Duarte Ping Wu Thao Doan Navya Singh Donald J. Mandell Fan Bin Yona Teichman Meir Teichman Judith Wicks George Musa Patricia Cohen 《Clinical child and family psychology review》2009,12(2):95-112
Children’s reactions after being exposed to mass violence may be influenced by a spectrum of factors. Relatively unexplored
is the extent to which family exposure to mass violence may affect child mental health, even when these children have not
been directly exposed. In a representative sample of NYC public school children assessed 6 months after the September 11,
2001 attack on the World Trade Center (WTC), seemingly elevated rates of psychopathology were recorded among children of WTC
evacuees. Children of NYC First Responders (police officers, EMTs, and fire fighters) displayed a complex pattern of response
to the WTC attack. Overall, the findings from this previous study support putative transmission of trauma to children whose
parents were exposed to the WTC attack. The “Children of First Responder and WTC Evacuee Study”—a two-site longitudinal study—is
currently underway in the United States (New York City) and in Israel (Tel Aviv area) in an effort to understand the impact
of different patterns of mass violence. The NYC sample permits us to examine the impact of a rare instance of mass violence
(e.g., WTC attack), while the Israeli sample provides information about repeated and frequent exposure to mass violence brought
about by acts of terrorism. In addition, children’s exposure to mass violence is considered in the context of their exposure
to other potentially traumatic events. This study aims to improve our general understanding of the impact of mass violence
on children, especially the psychological effects on children whose parents’ work experiences are by nature stressful. Knowledge
generated by this study has implications for guiding efforts to meet the needs of children who have, directly or through a
family member, been subjected to rare or infrequent mass violent event as well as to children whose exposure to mass violence
is part of daily life. 相似文献
76.
Natália de Almeida Carvalho Duarte Luanda André Collange Grecco Nelci Zanon Manuela Galli Felipe Fregni Claudia Santos Oliveira 《Journal of motor behavior》2017,49(4):355-364
A review of the literature was performed to answer the following questions: Does motor cortex excitability correlate with motor function? Do motor cortex excitability and cortex activation change after a rehabilitation program that results in improvements in motor outcomes? Can the 10–20 electroencephalography (EEG) system be used to locate the primary motor cortex when employing transcranial direct current stimulation? Is there a bihemispheric imbalance in individuals with cerebral palsy similar to what is observed in stroke survivors? the authors found there is an adaptation in the geometry of motor areas and the cortical representation of movement is variable following a brain lesion. The 10–20 EEG system may not be the best option for locating the primary motor cortex and positioning electrodes for noninvasive brain stimulation in children with cerebral palsy. 相似文献
77.
Fontenelle LF Lopes AP Borges MC Pacheco PG Nascimento AL Versiani M 《CNS spectrums》2008,13(2):125-130
Although much attention has been paid to patients who lack insight into their obsessional beliefs, less importance has been given to individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) who display perceptual disturbances typically found in psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorders, or mood disorders with psychotic features. We would like to call the attention to a phenomenon that has been neglected in the psychiatric literature: the occurrence of hallucinations and related phenomena in patients with OCD. In this case report, we describe five clinical vignettes of patients with OCD with hallucinations in several different sensory modalities, including the auditory, the visual, the tactile, the olfactory, and the cenesthetic ones. Further psychopathological research should clarify the clinical significance of hallucinations among patients with OCD. 相似文献
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