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151.
This article examines whether the psychological impact of different kinds of social supports varies according to who provides them. Data on 82 older adults' social relationships, measured as social provisions (Weiss, 1974), were used to evaluate whether the relationship between social provisions and emotional well-being varied when kin and, alternatively, nonkin, made the provisions. Findings showed that, although most social provisions were valuable regardless of their source, reassurance of worth was distinctly more beneficial when provided by nonkin than by kin, and reliable alliance, or instrumental assistance, was more strongly related to well-being when provided by kin than by nonkin. Analysis of social network structure showed that "multiplexity" was negatively related to well-being, and having duplicate providers for a given social provision was uniquely important in offsetting negative affect. 相似文献
152.
Recent studies pertaining to an extended class of matched pairs tests based on powers of ranks are discussed. Previous questions regarding the asymptotic properties for this class of tests are clarified and a generalization of this class is described. This generalization raises a previously unanticipated concern about whether or not the analytic comparisons resulting from these tests correspond with an intuitive notion of what is being compared. 相似文献
153.
154.
An experiment on mental transformation of size, in pairwise comparison of simultaneously or successively presented figures
with respect to shape, is reported. Regardless of type of presentation (simultaneous vs. successive), figural complexity,
and similarity within pairs of different-shaped figures, median latencies of both same and different responses were approximately linearly increasing functions of the linear size ratio between the patterns to be compared.
The slopes of the functions showed significant effects of figural complexity and similarity for simultaneous but not for successive
matching. The results suggest that successive matching was done by encoding a subpattern of the first stimulus in a pair as
a mental image, transforming the image to the size format of the other stimulus, and then testing for a match; in simultaneous
matching the process of encoding, transformation, and comparison appeared to be executed several times for each pair of figures.
The interpretation was illustrated by a random walk model, which provided a good fit to the results.
Received: 31 March 1998 / Accepted: 22 August 1998 相似文献
155.
The time course of visual letter recognition was investigated in a single-stimulus identification experiment. On each trial,
a randomly chosen stimulus letter was presented at 1 of 12 equiprobable positions that were equally spaced around the circumference
of an imaginary circle centered on fixation. Exposure duration was varied from 10 to 200 ms, and the letter was followed by
a pattern mask. The subject's task was to report the identity of the stimulus letter but refrain from guessing. For the briefest
exposures, correct reports never occurred. For longer exposures, the function relating the probability p of recognizing the letter to the duration t of the stimulus exposure was well approximated by an exponential distribution function: p(t) = 1 − exp[−v·(t−t
0)], where v is the rate of processing and t
0 is the minimum effective exposure duration. The generality of this finding may be limited to cases in which stimuli are highly
discriminable and response criteria are conservative. Extensions to Poisson counter or random walk models are considered for
cases in which stimuli are confusable.
Received: 1 July 1997 / Accepted: 2 July 1998 相似文献
156.
Primary prevention of acculturative stress among refugees. Application of psychological theory and practice 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Primary prevention in refugee mental health requires information from clinical, health, and cross-cultural psychology. Primary prevention's roots are in public health, which is distinguished by a communitywide perspective for addressing mental health concerns. This article summarizes research suggesting that refugees are an at-risk population, making them especially suitable for public health interventions. Research on stress and acculturation is highlighted, given its importance to prevention in refugee mental health. The opportunities for primary prevention programs and policies at 3 levels (i.e., local community, national, and international) are illustrated with case examples from both the United States and Canada. Prevention at the international level is highlighted by a World Health Organization Mental Health Mission to camps on the Thai-Cambodian border. 相似文献
157.
158.
This study describes the validation of a visual recall test which was constructed using three different levels of visual complexity, line drawing, monochrome photographic, and color photographic. For a sample of 111 college students, the test was significantly correlated (.42 and .92) with two recognized tests of visual memory. 相似文献
159.
Z Dienes D Broadbent D Berry 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》1991,17(5):875-887
Two experiments examined the claim for distinct implicit and explicit learning modes in the artificial grammar-learning task (Reber, 1967, 1989). Subjects initially attempted to memorize strings of letters generated by a finite-state grammar and then classified new grammatical and nongrammatical strings. Experiment 1 showed that subjects' assessment of isolated parts of strings was sufficient to account for their classification performance but that the rules elicited in free report were not sufficient. Experiment 2 showed that performing a concurrent random number generation task under different priorities interfered with free report and classification performance equally. Furthermore, giving different groups of subjects incidental or intentional learning instructions did not affect classification or free report. 相似文献
160.
This investigation supports the notion that audio-visual presentations of esophageal speech to 32 university student judges yield a relative increase in rated intelligibility in contrast with esophageal speech presented auditorily. Implications suggest that to construct realistic therapeutic goals of an esophageal speaker more effectively, the audio-visual component should be included in the clinical assessment. 相似文献