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181.
Claudia Campos Sarah E. Bloom Lori Kollin Jennifer R. Weyman 《Behavioral Interventions》2023,38(2):302-316
The extent to which multiple schedules are an effective schedule thinning method following functional communication training (FCT) relies on the control the schedule-correlated stimuli exert over behavior. Thus, the stimuli used to signal the schedule in place (e.g., reinforcement and extinction) in a multiple schedule arrangement require special attention. To date, the majority of the research on multiple schedules has evaluated the use of different arbitrary signals as schedule-correlated stimuli (e.g., poster boards). These signals are considered static as they lack movement. More recently, some studies have successfully used dynamic signals, which include movement or animation, within multiple schedule arrangements. However, the extent to which one type of signal may result in faster stimulus control over behavior has not been evaluated. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the use of static and dynamic signals as schedule-correlated stimuli in multiple schedules used within the context of FCT. Four children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder participated in the study. The results suggest that no differences in discriminated manding were observed for three out of four participants. Only dynamic signals resulted in discriminated manding for one participant. 相似文献
182.
Annik E. Voelke Stefan J. Troche Thomas H. Rammsayer Felicitas L. Wagner Claudia M. Roebers 《Infant and child development》2013,22(5):523-538
More than a century ago, Galton and Spearman suggested that there was a functional relationship between sensory discrimination ability and intelligence. Studies have since been able to confirm a close relationship between general discrimination ability (GDA) and IQ. The aim of the present study was to assess whether this strong relationship between GDA and IQ could be due to working memory (WM) demands of GDA tasks. A sample of 140 children (seventy 9‐year‐olds and seventy 11‐year‐olds) was studied. Results showed that there was a significant overlap between WM, GDA and fluid intelligence. Furthermore, results also revealed that WM could not explain the relationship between GDA and fluid intelligence as such, but that it acted as a bottleneck of information processing, limiting the influence of GDA on the prediction of fluid intelligence. Specifically, GDA's influence on the prediction of intelligence was only visible when WM capacity was above a certain level. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
183.
The current study investigated the influence of presentation modality (live, video, and slide show) on children's memory, suggestibility, recognition, and metamemorial monitoring processes. A total of 270 children in three age groups (5- and 6-year-olds, 7- and 8-year-olds, and 9- and 10-year-olds) watched a magic show and were questioned about it 1 week later. The live show yielded more correct answers to nonleading questions, higher resistance to misleading questions, and better recognition memory than did the video condition, which in turn resulted in better performance than did the slide show. Although presentation modality raised the general level of memory performance, the effects were equally strong in all age groups and did not affect memory phenomena such as the size of the misinformation effect and confidence judgments. 相似文献
184.
Lack of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7 selectively modulates Theta rhythm and working memory 下载免费PDF全文
Hölscher C Schmid S Pilz PK Sansig G van der Putten H Plappert CF 《Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)》2005,12(5):450-455
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are known to play a role in synaptic plasticity and learning. We have previously shown that mGluR7 deletion in mice produces a selective working memory (WM) impairment, while other types of memory such as reference memory remain unaffected. Since WM has been associated with Theta activity (6-12 Hz) in EEGs, and since EEG abnormalities have been observed in these mice before, we studied the effect of mGluR7 gene ablation on EEG activity in the hippocampus, in particular in the Theta range, during performance of a WM task. In an eight-arm maze with four arms baited, mGluR7 knock-out (KO) and wild-type mice committed the same number of reference memory errors, whereas KOs committed more WM errors. While performing the task, KO mice showed substantially higher Theta amplitudes, and the ratio of Theta to overall EEG power was much increased. No change was seen in the Delta (0-5 Hz), or Gamma (30-40 Hz) EEG bands compared with controls. When recording EEGs during periods of rest in the home cages, no difference was seen between groups. These findings suggest that mGluR7 is important for modulation and control of Theta activity. Since only WM was affected, and only the Theta range of EEG activity was altered, these results show a correlation between Theta rhythm and WM performance, and therefore support the concept that Theta activity in the hippocampus is involved in WM storage. 相似文献
185.
Worsdell AS Iwata BA Dozier CL Johnson AD Neidert PL Thomason JL 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2005,38(4):511-527
A great deal is known about the effects of positive reinforcement on response acquisition; by contrast, much less research has been conducted on contingencies applied to errors. We examined the effects of response repetition as an error-correction procedure on the sight-word reading performance of 11 adults with developmental disabilities. Study 1 compared single-response (SR) repetition and multiple-response (MR) repetition, and results showed that all 6 participants acquired more sight words with the MR procedure. Study 2 compared MR error correction following every incorrect response (continuous) and following one third of incorrect responses (intermittent), and results showed that all 6 participants acquired more sight words when error correction was continuous. Study 3 compared MR error correction in which errors required practice of the training word (relevant) versus a different word (irrelevant), and results showed that 3 of 9 participants showed better performance under the relevant condition; however, all participants showed improvement even under the irrelevant condition. Findings are discussed in terms of the behavioral processes by which error correction may enhance performance during acquisition. 相似文献
186.
187.
Gonzalez-Vallejo C Reid AA Schiltz J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2003,29(5):942-954
The reflection effect (D. Kahneman & A. Tversky, 1979) was investigated using the stochastic model of choice developed by C. Gonzalez-Vallejo (2002). The model assumes that individuals make trade-offs among attribute values by relying on a difference variable. The model also specifies a threshold representing individual proclivities to reach to attribute differences. Two experiments demonstrated that changes in risk attitudes, from a gain to a loss situation, depended on the stimuli as well as on individuals' thresholds. Thresholds were generally lower in losses than in gains, indicating a risk-taking tendency. Thresholds were also lower when participants were endowed with greater savings. Model testing revealed better fits for the stochastic model than cumulative prospect theory (A. Tversky &. D. Kahneman, 1992). 相似文献
188.
189.
Eugen Diesch Paul Iverson Andreas Kettermann Claudia Siebert 《Psychological research》1999,62(1):1-19
In a study of the internal category structure of the vowel /i/, Kuhl found a “perceptual magnet effect”: Discrimination sensitivity
was poorer for category instances that were acoustically similar to the category prototype than it was for category instances
that were not. The typicality of category exemplars was determined by goodness judgments and was found to correlate with the
acoustics of average production. Analysis and interpretation of discrimination performance relied on two important assumptions:
that listeners perceived all stimuli presented as exemplars of the same vowel category and that, apart from the influence
of phonetic coding, discrimination sensitivity was the same across the investigated part of the vowel space. In the present
study, it is shown that production and perception estimates of the category prototype may diverge, possibly because listeners
seem to prefer hyperarticulated variants of vowel categories. An approach towards measurement of intra-category discrimination
minima is put forward and tested that protects against intercategory confounds and avoids the isosensitivity assumption.
Received: 26 November 1997 / Accepted: 25 May 1998 相似文献
190.
Claudia Carello Paula Fitzpatrick Ittai Flascher M. T. Turvey 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1998,60(1):89-100
Four experiments addressed the relevance of the eigenvaluesI k of the inertia tensor for perceiving length by dynamic touch. Experiments 1–2 focused on the consequences of limiting variation in the minimum eigenvalueI 3. Both revealed that perceived length is a function ofI k . Whether the contribution ofI 3 is detected, however, depends on the range of values that characterize a particular object set. Experiments 3–4 considered the relationship between an independent index of a rod’s diameter, which does not affectI k , and actual manipulation of a rod’s diameter, which does affectI k . Whereas the former appeared as satisfaction of implicit instructions to alter reports of perceived length, the latter entailed actual differences in perceived length in accordance withI k . Results are discussed with respect to the links among actual length, perceived length, andI k , as well as, in particular, how these links guarantee that perceived length is in the range of actual lengths. 相似文献