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51.
Guala contests the validity of strong reciprocity as a key element in shaping social behavior by contrasting evidence from experimental games to that of natural and historic data. He suggests that in order to understand the evolution of social behavior researchers should focus on natural data and weak reciprocity. We disagree with Guala's proposal to shift the focus of the study from one extreme of the spectrum (strong reciprocity) to the other extreme (weak reciprocity). We argue that the study of the evolution of social behavior must be comparative in nature, and we point out experimental evidence that shows that social behavior is not cooperation determined by a set of fixed factors. We argue for a model that sees social behavior as a dynamic interaction of genetic and environmental factors. 相似文献
52.
Fischer P Krueger JI Greitemeyer T Vogrincic C Kastenmüller A Frey D Heene M Wicher M Kainbacher M 《Psychological bulletin》2011,137(4):517-537
Research on bystander intervention has produced a great number of studies showing that the presence of other people in a critical situation reduces the likelihood that an individual will help. As the last systematic review of bystander research was published in 1981 and was not a quantitative meta-analysis in the modern sense, the present meta-analysis updates the knowledge about the bystander effect and its potential moderators. The present work (a) integrates the bystander literature from the 1960s to 2010, (b) provides statistical tests of potential moderators, and (c) presents new theoretical and empirical perspectives on the novel finding of non-negative bystander effects in certain dangerous emergencies as well as situations where bystanders are a source of physical support for the potentially intervening individual. In a fixed effects model, data from over 7,700 participants and 105 independent effect sizes revealed an overall effect size of g = -0.35. The bystander effect was attenuated when situations were perceived as dangerous (compared with non-dangerous), perpetrators were present (compared with non-present), and the costs of intervention were physical (compared with non-physical). This pattern of findings is consistent with the arousal-cost-reward model, which proposes that dangerous emergencies are recognized faster and more clearly as real emergencies, thereby inducing higher levels of arousal and hence more helping. We also identified situations where bystanders provide welcome physical support for the potentially intervening individual and thus reduce the bystander effect, such as when the bystanders were exclusively male, when they were naive rather than passive confederates or only virtually present persons, and when the bystanders were not strangers. 相似文献
53.
Peter Fischer Anne Sauer Claudia Vogrincic Silke Weisweiler 《European journal of social psychology》2011,41(1):11-16
The present research hypothesizes that thinking about one's genetic origin (i.e. ancestors) provides people with a positive psychological resource that increases their intellectual performance. To test this line of reasoning, we manipulated whether participants thought about their ancestors or not (manipulation of ancestor salience), and measured their expected as well as actual intellectual performance in a variety of intelligence tasks. Four studies supported our assumptions: participants show higher expected (Study 1) and actual intellectual performance (Studies 2–4) when they are reminded about their ancestors. We also have initial evidence that this effect may be fuelled by increased levels of perceived control and promotion orientation. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. It is certainly desirable to be well descended, but the glory belongs to our ancestors. (Plutarch 46–120 AD) Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
54.
Claudia W. Ruitenberg 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2011,30(2):97-100
In recent years the French philosopher Jacques Rancière has addressed the predicament of artists and curators who, in their
eagerness to convey a critical message or engage their viewers in an emancipatory process, end up predetermining the outcomes
of the experience, hence blocking its critical or emancipatory potential. In this essay I consider Rancière’s writing on this
topic and draw out the parallels with the predicament of teachers and curriculum designers who have critical and emancipatory
objectives. The risk of education that strives for emancipation is that it can become so directive in steering students to
the “right” outcomes that it does not leave these students any intellectual room. Rancière’s work is helpful in reminding
us that teachers and curricula with explicitly critical, political, emancipatory objectives can defeat their own purposes
and become stultifying if they do not leave the student room to use her or his own intelligence. 相似文献
55.
Building a Committed Hospice Volunteer Workforce—Do Variables at the Experience Stage Matter? 下载免费PDF全文
Claudia Schusterschitz Magdalena Flatscher‐Thöni Andrea M. Leiter‐Scheiring Willi Geser 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2014,24(5):422-438
Volunteers are crucial to the survival of non‐profit organisations, who therefore have a fundamental interest in sustaining voluntary engagement over time. A central variable regarding sustained voluntary engagement is volunteers' organisational commitment, which has so far been a neglected research issue. The study at hand therefore explicitly focuses on hospice volunteers' commitment. Starting from the assumption that variables at the experience stage of volunteerism may be relevant in predicting volunteer commitment, questionnaire data on volunteers' motives, motive fulfilment and role identity were collected in a sample of hospice volunteers (N = 276). Results of multiple regression analyses show positive relationships between altruistic motive fulfilment and a volunteer role identity on the one hand and volunteer commitment on the other. Observed interaction effects imply that altruistic motive fulfilment is of importance both at the initial phase of volunteering and for long‐term volunteers. Moreover, interaction effects provide evidence that the fulfilment of egoistic motives is of particular importance amongst volunteers to whom egoistic motives are central. Thus, the fulfilment of altruistic motives and facilitating the development of a volunteer role identity should be permanent concerns in building a committed workforce. Egoistic motive fulfilment in contrast is of special relevance, when egoistic motives for volunteering are strong. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
56.
Mirela Dubravac Claudia M. Roebers Beat Meier 《The British journal of developmental psychology》2022,40(2):287-305
Detecting an error signals the need for increased cognitive control and behavioural adjustments. Considerable development in performance monitoring and cognitive control is evidenced by lower error rates and faster response times in multi-trial executive function tasks with age. Besides these quantitative changes, we were interested in whether qualitative changes in balancing accuracy and speed contribute to developmental progression during elementary school years. We conducted two studies investigating the temporal and developmental trajectories of post-error slowing in three prominent cognitive conflict tasks (Stroop, Simon, and flanker). We instructed children (8-, 10-, and 12-year-old) and adults to respond as fast and as accurately as possible and measured their response times on four trials after correct and incorrect responses to a cognitive conflict. Results revealed that all age groups had longer response times on post-error versus post-correct trials, reflecting post-error slowing. Critically, slowing on the first post-error trial declined with age, suggesting an age-related reduction in the orienting response towards errors. This age effect diminished on subsequent trials, suggesting more fine-tuned cognitive control adjustments with age. Overall, the consistent pattern across tasks suggests an age-related change from a relatively strong orienting response to more balanced cognitive control adaptations. 相似文献
57.
Aylin Koçak Claudia Rooman Wouter Duyck Eva Derous 《Journal of Occupational & Organizational Psychology》2022,95(3):718-737
Age discrimination may explain lower labour market chances of older and younger job seekers. What remains underresearched, however, is how older/younger job seekers might self-select out from early recruitment procedures due to stigmatizing information in job ads. Building on theories of metastereotypes and the linguistic category model, two experimental studies investigated how personality requirements that older/younger job seekers hold negative metastereotypes about and the way in which these requirements are worded (behavioural vs. dispositional) affected their job attraction. Within-participant mediation analyses showed that as expected, job attraction was higher for older (N = 123, aged 50 years or more) and younger (N = 151, 30 years or less) job seekers when requirements were worded in a behavioural way (e.g., ‘You can be flexible’), compared with a dispositional way (e.g., ‘You are flexible’). This relation was mediated by perceptions of challenge among younger but not older job seekers. Contrary to expectations, perceptions of threat did not explain the effects of negatively metastereotyped personality requirements on job attraction. Understanding how job seekers perceive information in job ads might help recruiters to design age-sensitive recruitment policies. 相似文献
58.
Fearn Monica Marino Claudia Spada Marcantonio M. Kolubinski Daniel C. 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2022,40(1):155-174
Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy - Past research has shown that perfectionism, can negatively impact self-esteem. However, the mediating factors that explain this... 相似文献
59.
Carrino Emily A. Bryen Chloe P. Maheux Anne J. Stewart J. L. Roberts Savannah R. Widman Laura Choukas-Bradley Sophia 《Sex roles》2022,86(7-8):395-414
Sex Roles - “What defines a feminist?” is a heavily debated question within scholarly and mainstream discourse. Although prior studies have examined adults’ definitions of... 相似文献
60.
Walker Chloe J. Williams Chelsea Derlan Winter Marcia A. Everhart Robin S. 《Journal of child and family studies》2022,31(6):1621-1629
Journal of Child and Family Studies - The current study examined how African American children’s experiences of perceived personal racial discrimination and perceived vicarious racial... 相似文献