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181.
Worsdell AS Iwata BA Dozier CL Johnson AD Neidert PL Thomason JL 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2005,38(4):511-527
A great deal is known about the effects of positive reinforcement on response acquisition; by contrast, much less research has been conducted on contingencies applied to errors. We examined the effects of response repetition as an error-correction procedure on the sight-word reading performance of 11 adults with developmental disabilities. Study 1 compared single-response (SR) repetition and multiple-response (MR) repetition, and results showed that all 6 participants acquired more sight words with the MR procedure. Study 2 compared MR error correction following every incorrect response (continuous) and following one third of incorrect responses (intermittent), and results showed that all 6 participants acquired more sight words when error correction was continuous. Study 3 compared MR error correction in which errors required practice of the training word (relevant) versus a different word (irrelevant), and results showed that 3 of 9 participants showed better performance under the relevant condition; however, all participants showed improvement even under the irrelevant condition. Findings are discussed in terms of the behavioral processes by which error correction may enhance performance during acquisition. 相似文献
182.
183.
Gonzalez-Vallejo C Reid AA Schiltz J 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2003,29(5):942-954
The reflection effect (D. Kahneman & A. Tversky, 1979) was investigated using the stochastic model of choice developed by C. Gonzalez-Vallejo (2002). The model assumes that individuals make trade-offs among attribute values by relying on a difference variable. The model also specifies a threshold representing individual proclivities to reach to attribute differences. Two experiments demonstrated that changes in risk attitudes, from a gain to a loss situation, depended on the stimuli as well as on individuals' thresholds. Thresholds were generally lower in losses than in gains, indicating a risk-taking tendency. Thresholds were also lower when participants were endowed with greater savings. Model testing revealed better fits for the stochastic model than cumulative prospect theory (A. Tversky &. D. Kahneman, 1992). 相似文献
184.
185.
Prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in 4- to 17-Year-Old Children in the General Population 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Pineda D Ardila A Rosselli M Arias BE Henao GC Gomez LF Mejia SE Miranda ML 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》1999,27(6):455-462
The purposes of this study were (a) to estimate the prevalence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) symptoms in the general preschool and school population; and (b) to analyze the influence of gender, age, and socioeconomic status (SES) variables on AD/HD symptoms. Out of the 80,000 preschool and schoolchildren living in Manizales, Colombia, a random sample of 540 children was selected. Two gender, three age (4- to 5-year olds, 6- to 11 -year olds, and 12- to 17-year olds), and three SES (low, middle, and high) groups were used. The 18 DSM-IV symptoms corresponding to AD/HD Criterion A were assessed on a scale of 0 (never) to 3 (almost always). All three demographic variables established statistically significant differences: AD/HD symptoms were more frequent in 6-to 11-year-old, low-SES, male participants. DSM-IV Criterion A for AD/HD was fulfilled by 19.8% of the boys and 12.3% of the girls. However, this difference was marginally significant only in the AD/HD Subtype I: Combined. It was concluded that demographic variables are significant correlates of the AD/HD diagnosis. The prevalence found in this study was higher than usually reported, even though only the symptomatic DSM-IV AD/HD criterion was analyzed. We failed to confirm the assumed AD/HD gender ratio. 相似文献
186.
Eugen Diesch Paul Iverson Andreas Kettermann Claudia Siebert 《Psychological research》1999,62(1):1-19
In a study of the internal category structure of the vowel /i/, Kuhl found a “perceptual magnet effect”: Discrimination sensitivity
was poorer for category instances that were acoustically similar to the category prototype than it was for category instances
that were not. The typicality of category exemplars was determined by goodness judgments and was found to correlate with the
acoustics of average production. Analysis and interpretation of discrimination performance relied on two important assumptions:
that listeners perceived all stimuli presented as exemplars of the same vowel category and that, apart from the influence
of phonetic coding, discrimination sensitivity was the same across the investigated part of the vowel space. In the present
study, it is shown that production and perception estimates of the category prototype may diverge, possibly because listeners
seem to prefer hyperarticulated variants of vowel categories. An approach towards measurement of intra-category discrimination
minima is put forward and tested that protects against intercategory confounds and avoids the isosensitivity assumption.
Received: 26 November 1997 / Accepted: 25 May 1998 相似文献
187.
Claudia Carello Paula Fitzpatrick Ittai Flascher M. T. Turvey 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1998,60(1):89-100
Four experiments addressed the relevance of the eigenvaluesI k of the inertia tensor for perceiving length by dynamic touch. Experiments 1–2 focused on the consequences of limiting variation in the minimum eigenvalueI 3. Both revealed that perceived length is a function ofI k . Whether the contribution ofI 3 is detected, however, depends on the range of values that characterize a particular object set. Experiments 3–4 considered the relationship between an independent index of a rod’s diameter, which does not affectI k , and actual manipulation of a rod’s diameter, which does affectI k . Whereas the former appeared as satisfaction of implicit instructions to alter reports of perceived length, the latter entailed actual differences in perceived length in accordance withI k . Results are discussed with respect to the links among actual length, perceived length, andI k , as well as, in particular, how these links guarantee that perceived length is in the range of actual lengths. 相似文献
188.
189.
Claudia Card 《Journal of social philosophy》1991,22(1):155-161
For more than two millennia the development of philosophy in what is called the West has been the province of men who trace their intellectual heritage to (some) men in ancient Greece. Within “the development of philosophy” I include the training of philosophers as well as publishing and preserving philosophical work in libraries. Thus I regard philosophy as a very material as well as spiritual enterprise. My focus here is on the spiritual impact, actual and potential, of recent changes in the material base of philosophy and the material impact of recent changes in the spiritual focus of philosophers. Before the Twentieth Century, the most significant transitions in the development of Western philosophy were its coming under the domination of Christian religious institutions and then its becoming relatively freed from such domination. Since the advent of the Twentieth Century, the most significant transitions may come from the increasing access to academic institutions of the middle and working classes, of people of color with histories of oppression by white societies, and of women from all classes and ethnic backgrounds—people who do not always or only trace their intellectual heritages to men of ancient Greece. What differences might these changes make to, and call for in, the development of philosophy? What I have thought about most are differences made by women and differences that have drawn in women to academic philosophy in Western democracies, such as the United States. Twentieth Century women in these contexts have published substantial bodies of philosophical inquiry with feminist agendas (both philosophy of feminism and philosophy manifesting feminist perspectives in ethics, epistemology, etc.). I want to comment on two features of such inquiry that often make it attractive to women less readily engaged by the traditions defined by privileged men. These features are holism and what I call “historical particularism.” I begin with “particularism.” 相似文献
190.