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301.
302.
In 2008 the then Organisation of the Islamic Conference established its own Islamic Cooperation Humanitarian Affairs Department (ICHAD) as an alternative to the OECD DAC. Subsequently, aid from ICHAD predominantly goes to Muslims. This is most likely because zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam and regarded as ibadah (worship), from which non-Muslims are excluded. As such, this paper will examine the theology and ethics of giving in Islam (zakat and sadaqa) and explore these aid flows and, and whether there is room for a more inclusive interpretation that can lead to greater integration and co-operation. 相似文献
303.
Steve Clarke 《Sophia》2009,48(2):127-142
There is overwhelming agreement amongst naturalists that a naturalistic ontology should not allow for the possibility of supernatural
entities. I argue, against this prevailing consensus, that naturalists have no proper basis to oppose the existence of supernatural
entities. Naturalism is characterized, following Leiter and Rea, as a position which involves a primary commitment to scientific
methodology and it is argued that any naturalistic ontological commitments must be compatible with this primary commitment.
It is further argued that properly applied scientific method has warranted the acceptance of the existence of supernatural
entities in the past and that it is plausible to think that it will do so again in the future. So naturalists should allow
for the possibility of supernatural entities.
相似文献
Steve ClarkeEmail: |
304.
Team work and group supervision are essential features of the systemic model, yet there is surprisingly little literature on the impact of group process on both group supervision and team-based therapy. Beginning with two vignettes which evoke some aspects of group process and are based on the personal experiences of the authors, this paper will review the literature on working in teams from within a systemic perspective. 1 Early models of teams and group processes within the literature will be criticized for their over-reliance on technique; more recent models for their over-reliance on collaboration. It will be argued that some systemic approaches to understanding teams can lead to group process issues becoming marginalized and covert, and therefore inevitably more difficult to address. However, viewing supervision groups as 'social constructions' is seen as a position offering more possibilities and, it will be argued, opens a pathway to embracing ideas from within psychoanalytic thinking on group process. Here ideas on group functioning, including the theories of, for example, Foulkes and Bion will be briefly reviewed and their implications for helping both supervisors and teams conceptualize group process discussed. 相似文献
305.
Michael Arribas-Ayllon Srikant Sarangi Angus Clarke 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(2):173-184
Childhood genetic testing raises complex ethical and moral dilemmas for both families and professionals. In the family sphere,
the role of communication is a key aspect in the transmission of ‘genetic responsibility’ between adults and children. In
the professional sphere, genetic responsibility is an interactional accomplishment emerging from the sometimes competing views
over what constitutes the ‘best interests’ of the child in relation to parental preferences on the one hand, and professional
judgements on the other. In the present paper we extend our previous research into parental accounts of childhood genetic
testing and explore the ethical accounts of professionals in research interviews. Interviews (n = 20) were conducted with professional practitioners involved in the genetic diagnosis and management of children and their
families. We first identify four inter-related themes—juxtaposition of parental rights vis-à-vis child’s autonomy, elicitation
of the child’s autonomy, avoidance of parental responsibility and recognition of professional uncertainty. Then, using Rhetorical
Discourse Analysis, we examine the range of discourse devices through which ethical accounts are situationally illustrated:
contrast, reported speech, constructed dialogue, character and event work. An overarching device in these ethical accounts
is the use of extreme case scenarios, which reconstruct dilemmas as justifications of professional conduct. While acknowledging ambivalence, our analysis suggests
that professional judgement is not a simple matter of implementing ethical principles but rather of managing the practical
conditions and consequences of interactions with parents and children. We conclude that more attention is needed to understand
the way professional practitioners formulate judgements about ethical practice. 相似文献
306.
Sivell S Elwyn G Gaff CL Clarke AJ Iredale R Shaw C Dundon J Thornton H Edwards A 《Journal of genetic counseling》2008,17(1):30-63
As an individual’s understanding of their genetic risk may influence risk management decisions, it is important to understand
the ways in which risk is constructed and interpreted. We systematically reviewed the literature, undertaking a narrative synthesis
of 59 studies presenting data on the ways in which individuals perceive, construct and interpret their risk, and the subsequent
effects. While most studies assessed perceived risk quantitatively, the combined evidence suggests individuals find risk difficult
to accurately quantify, with a tendency to overestimate. Rather than being a stand-alone concept, risk is something lived
and experienced and the process of constructing risk is complex and influenced by many factors. While evidence of the effects
of perceived risk is limited and inconsistent, there is some evidence to suggest high risk estimations may adversely affect
health and lead to inappropriate uptake of medical surveillance and preventative measures by some individuals. A more focused
approach to research is needed with greater exploration of the ways in which risk is constructed, along with the development
of stronger theoretical models, to facilitate effective and patient-centered counseling strategies. 相似文献
307.
R. Clarke 《Philosophical Studies》2007,133(3):391-409
It is widely held that any justifying reason for making a decision must also be a justifying reason for doing what one thereby
decides to do. Desires to win decision prizes, such as the one that figures in Kavka’s toxin puzzle, might be thought to be
exceptions to this principle, but the principle has been defended in the face of such examples. Similarly, it has been argued
that a command to intend cannot give one a justifying reason to intend as commanded. Here it is argued that ordinary agents
in ordinary cases can have justifying reasons for deciding that are not and will not be justifying reasons for doing what,
in making those decisions, they come to intend to do. The paper concludes with some brief observations on the functions of
decision-making. 相似文献
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