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91.
92.
Currently, the common theoretical models of "preferred" decision-making relationships do not correspond well with clinical experience. This interview study of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients documents the variety of patient preferences for decision-making, and the necessity for attention to family involvement. In addition, these findings illustrate the confusion as to the designation of surrogate decision-makers and physicians in charge. We conclude that no single model of physician-patient decision-making should be preferred, and that physicians should first ask patients how they want medical information and decision-making to be handled. 相似文献
93.
L. Clarke 《Islam & Christian-Muslim Relations》2004,15(1):109-123
The study uses books of Shīite adīth (including the Kāfī of Kulaynī) collected before the Occultation of the Twelfth Imam in 941 to demonstrate a significant change in social attitudes in the Shīite community. The change, which appears to have taken place some time in the ninth century, involved a shift from electionism and isolationism to a more open stance toward the non‐Shīte majority. The revised view is expressed in adīths that offer a view of faith (īmān) and unfaith (kufr) that grants non‐Shīites some measure of faith and salvation and promotes social integration by allowing marriage with and inheritance from other Muslims. Other adīth narratives, however, suggest that some Shīites strongly resisted this view. The account of Shīte views on faith offered by the contemporaneous (d. 935) heresiographer al‐Asharī confirms the picture of a community divided between attitudes of segregation and rapprochement—between rejection of and participation in the great religious consensus taking place under Abbāsid rule. 相似文献
94.
95.
R. Clarke 《Erkenntnis》1999,51(2-3):295-322
Nonreductive physicalism is currently one of the most widely held views about the world in general and about the status of
the mental in particular. However, the view has recently faced a series of powerful criticisms from, among others, Jaegwon
Kim. In several papers, Kim has argued that the nonreductivist's view of the mental is an unstable position, one harboring
contradictions that push it either to reductivism or to eliminativism. The problems arise, Kim maintains, when we consider
the causal powers that mental properties are held to carry on the nonreductivist's view and the causal transactions into which
mental events are said to enter. My aim here is less than that of defending nonreductive physicalism against all of Kim's
criticisms. I wish primarily to call into question the claim that nonreductive physicalism is committed to emergentism with
respect to the causal powers of the mental. As subsidiary points, I shall offer a limited defense of nonreductivism against
two related objections that Kim raises. However, even if my conclusions are correct, problems remain for the nonreductivist's
treatment of mental causation. I shall close the paper with a brief discussion of these difficulties.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
96.
97.
Peter T. Clarke 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1994,22(1):27-37
Stress is analysed from a phenomenological perspective in terms of how individuals evaluate the varying stressors in their lives. The basic philosophical tenets underlying the person-centred approach to therapy are outlined with its emphasis on the ability of the individual human organisms to heal and recover from dysfunction. 相似文献
98.
Psychometric and normative data are presented for two forms of the Home Environment Questionnaire (HEQ) that provide measures of 10 variables used to describe the psychosocial environments of children. One form, HEQ-2R, is suitable for use with families in which there are two parents; the other form, HEQ-1R, is for use with one-parent families. The HEQ scales are relatively independent and not significantly related to the age of the target child, and most of the scales are reasonably internally consistent. Previous research has found several of the HEQ scales to be significantly related to several dimensions of children's clinically important behavior. 相似文献
99.
100.
Vocational guidance services have been developing in Northern Ireland for about thirty years. Recently the careers service has been transferred from an education to a manpower services base, while the schools have been given greater opportunity, and responsibility, for the provision of careers education. The changes have given considerable impetus to careers teacher training, and to the appointment of schools' careers staffs. The possibility of further development of the partnership between careers officers and careers teachers is examined. 相似文献