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191.
Alison Clark 《American journal of community psychology》2010,46(1-2):115-123
How can the perspectives, insights and interests of young children, under 6 years‐old, be given status in processes of change? This paper will examine the contribution participatory and visual methods can make to enabling young children to document their experiences and to facilitate exchange with adults. Examples will be drawn from three research studies in educational settings which have developed a specific research method, the Mosaic approach (Clark and Moss 2001 ; Clark 2004 ; Clark 2005 ) which brings together visual and verbal research tools. This paper will discuss how researching with young children rather than on young children can redraw the boundaries between adults’ and children's roles in the research process including the relationship with the research audience. 相似文献
192.
Sophie von Stumm Sally Macintyre David G. Batty Heather Clark Ian J. Deary 《Intelligence》2010,38(1):202-211
In a birth cohort of 6281 men from Aberdeen, Scotland, social class of origin, childhood intelligence, childhood behavior disturbance and education were examined as predictors of status attainment in midlife (46 to 51 years). Social class of origin, intelligence and behavior disturbance were conceptualized as correlated predictors, whose effects were hypothesized to be partially mediated by educational qualifications. A structural equation model using Full Information Maximum Likelihood estimation confirmed that education had the strongest direct effect on status attainment at midlife. Furthermore, education partially mediated the effects of social class of origin and childhood intelligence, and fully mediated the effects of behavior disturbance on status attainment. Social class of origin, childhood intelligence and behavior disturbance were strongly inter-correlated. After controlling for these associations, educational and social status attainments were influenced to a considerably greater extent by childhood intelligence than by social class of origin. 相似文献
193.
Lynn D. Miller Christina Short E. Jane Garland Sandra Clark 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2010,88(4):432-439
This study evaluated a locally developed cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) intervention program in a public elementary school. In the prevention approach, 118 children were randomly assigned either to an 8‐week intervention or to a waitlist control. Results of statistical analysis indicated that the manualized CBT intervention did not reduce symptoms of anxiety on either self‐reports or parent reports of anxiety symptoms in the general school population. Challenges to translational efforts to public school settings are discussed. 相似文献
194.
195.
Johnson RM Barber C Azrael D Clark DE Hemenway D 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2010,40(6):609-611
In this brief report, the source of firearms used in adolescent suicides was examined using data from the National Violent Injury Statistics System, the pilot to the CDC's National Violent Death Reporting System, a uniform reporting system for violent and firearm-related deaths. Data represent the 63 firearm suicides among youth (<18 yrs) that occurred in 2001 or 2002 in one of four states (CT, ME, UT, WI) or two metropolitan counties (San Francisco, CA; Allegheny County, PA). Four-fifths of the suicides took place in the decedents' homes, and--when the firearm owner was known--most of the firearms were owned by parents. Findings replicate results from previous research and highlight the importance of limiting youth access to firearms. 相似文献
196.
197.
Crockett MJ Clark L Lieberman MD Tabibnia G Robbins TW 《Emotion (Washington, D.C.)》2010,10(6):855-862
Human cooperation may partly depend on the presence of individuals willing to incur personal costs to punish noncooperators. The psychological factors that motivate such 'altruistic punishment' are not fully understood; some have argued that altruistic punishment is a deliberate act of norm enforcement that requires self-control, while others claim that it is an impulsive act driven primarily by emotion. In the current study, we addressed this question by examining the relationship between impulsive choice and altruistic punishment in the ultimatum game. As the neurotransmitter serotonin has been implicated in both impulsive choice and altruistic punishment, we investigated the effects of manipulating serotonin on both measures. Across individuals, impulsive choice and altruistic punishment were correlated and increased following serotonin depletion. These findings imply that altruistic punishment reflects the absence rather than the presence of self control, and suggest that impulsive choice and altruistic punishment share common neural mechanisms. 相似文献
198.
Camille N Pironti VA Dodds CM Aitken MR Robbins TW Clark L 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2010,10(4):460-469
Regret and relief are complex emotional states associated with the counterfactual processing of nonobtained outcomes in a
decision-making situation. In the “actor effect,” a sense of agency and personal responsibility is thought to heighten these
emotions. Using fMRI, we scanned volunteers (n = 22) as they played a task involving choices between two wheel-of-fortune gambles. We examined how neural responses to counterfactual
outcomes were modulated by giving subjects the opportunity to change their minds, as a manipulation of personal responsibility.
Satisfaction ratings to the outcomes were highly sensitive to the difference between the obtained and nonobtained outcome,
and ratings following losses were lower on trials with the opportunity to change one’s mind. Outcome-related activity in the
striatum and orbitofrontal cortex was positively related to the satisfaction ratings. The striatal response was modulated
by the agency manipulation: Following losses, the striatal signal was significantly lower when the subject had the opportunity
to change his/her mind. These results support the involvement of frontostriatal mechanisms in counterfactual thinking and
highlight the sensitivity of the striatum to the effects of personal responsibility. 相似文献
199.
The purpose was to test, among women, the relationship between negative self-schemas and styles of attachment with men and women and two types of appearance investment (Self-evaluative and Motivational Salience). Predominantly Caucasian undergraduate women (N = 194) completed a modified version of the Relationship Questionnaire, the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form, and the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised. Linear multiple regression analyses were conducted with Motivational Salience and Self-evaluative Salience of appearance serving as dependent variables and relevant demographic variables, negative self-schemas, and styles of attachment to men serving as independent variables. Styles of attachment to women were not entered into these regression models because Pearson correlations indicated they were not related to either dependent variable. Self-evaluative Salience of appearance was related to impaired autonomy and performance negative self-schema and the preoccupation style of attachment with men, while Motivational Salience of appearance was related only to the preoccupation style of attachment with men. 相似文献
200.
Attitudinal ambivalence has been found to increase processing of attitude-relevant information. In this research, the authors suggest that ambivalence can also create the opposite effect: avoidance of thinking about persuasive messages. If processing is intended to reduce experienced ambivalence, then ambivalent people should increase processing of information perceived as proattitudinal (agreeable) and able to decrease ambivalence. However, ambivalence should also lead people to avoid processing of counterattitudinal (disagreeable) information that threatens to increase ambivalence. Three studies provide evidence consistent with this proposal. When participants were relatively ambivalent, they processed messages to a greater extent when the messages were proattitudinal rather than counterattitudinal. However, when participants were relatively unambivalent, they processed messages more when the messages were counterattitudinal rather than proattitudinal. In addition, ambivalent participants perceived proattitudinal messages as more likely than counterattitudinal messages to reduce ambivalence, and these perceptions accounted for message position effects on amount of processing. 相似文献