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61.
62.
Gareth J. Williams Clare Wood 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2012,8(4):267-280
The role of suprasegmental information in reading processes is a growing area of
interest, and sensitivity to lexical stress has been shown to explain unique
variance in reading development. However, less is known about its role in
skilled reading. This study aimed to investigate the acoustic features of
suprasegmental information using a same/different cross-modal matching task.
Sixty-four adult participants completed standardized measures of reading
accuracy, reading speed, and comprehension and performed an experimental task.
The experimental task required the participants to identify whether non-speech
acoustic sequences matched the characteristics of written words. The findings
indicated differences in responses depending on where the lexical stress was
required for the word. Moreover, evidence was found to support the view that
amplitude information is part of the word knowledge retrieval process in skilled
reading. The findings are discussed relative to models of reading and the role
of lexical stress in lexical access. 相似文献
63.
Understanding the functionally relevant properties of objects is likely facilitated by learning with a critical role for past
experience. However, current evidence is conflicting regarding the effect of prior object exposure on acquisition of object
manipulation skills. This may be due to the influence of life history variables on the capacity to benefit from such experience.
This study assessed effect of task-relevant object exposure on object-mediated problem-solving in 22 gibbons using a raking-in
task. Despite not using tools habitually, 14 gibbons spontaneously used a rake to obtain a reward. Having prior experience
with the rake in an unrewarded context did not improve learning efficiency in males. However, females benefitted significantly
from the opportunity to interact with the rake before testing, with reduced latencies to solution compared to those with no
previous exposure. These results reflect potential sex differences in approach to novelty that moderate the possible benefits
of prior experience. Due to their relatively high energetic requirements, reproductively active females may be highly motivated
to explore potential resources; however, increased investment in developing offspring could make them more guarded in their
investigations. Previous exposure that allows females to learn of an object’s neutrality can offset this cautious exploration. 相似文献
64.
This article describes a single session aimed at helping participants on a family therapy foundation course to move from a position of anxiety and discomfort about completing a written assignment to a position of safe uncertainty. Evaluation from the perspectives of course participants, course facilitators and assignment markers has shown participants engaging more enthusiastically with the writing of the assignment and expressing less anxiety about the process. 相似文献
65.
Clare Shelley-Egan 《Nanoethics》2010,4(2):183-189
Issues of responsibility in the world of nanotechnology are becoming explicit with the emergence of a discourse on ‘responsible
development’ of nanoscience and nanotechnologies. Much of this discourse centres on the ambivalences of nanotechnology and
of promising technology in general. Actors must find means of dealing with these ambivalences. Actors’ actions and responses
to ambivalence are shaped by their position and context, along with strategic games they are involved in, together with other
actors. A number of interviews were conducted with industrial actors with the aim of uncovering their ethical stances towards
responsible development of nanotechnology. The data shows that standard repertoires of justification of nanotechnological
development were used. Thus, the industrial actors fell back on their position and associated responsibilities. Such responses
reinforce a division of moral labour in which industrial actors and scientists can focus on the progress of science and technology,
while other actors, such as NGOs, are expected to take care of broader considerations, such as ethical and social issues. 相似文献
66.
67.
The present longitudinal study extends the findings of earlier cross-sectional studies (Waterman, Schwartz, Green, Miller, & Philip, 2003) on the subjective experience of intrinsic motivation. University students generated lists of personally salient (identity-related) activities at the beginning of an academic semester and were asked to evaluate these activities at three points during the semester. Drawing on theories of intrinsic motivation, three subjective indices of intrinsic motivation (interest, flow experiences, and feelings of personal expressiveness) and three theoretically derived predictor variables (self-determination, the balance of challenges and skills, and self-realization values) were used in the present study. Cross-sectional relationships between the predictors and subjective experience indices at each timepoint replicated those observed in previous research. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to demonstrate that, as hypothesized, increases or decreases in the predictor variables between timepoints were associated with corresponding increases or decreases in the subjective experience indices. Implications for the study of intrinsic motivation are discussed. 相似文献
68.
In the political context of the reauthorization of federal welfare reform legislation, a nationally representative sample of 1,570 adults in the United States completed a survey examining the factors that affect attitudes and policy preferences with regard to aid for low-income individuals and families in the United States. This study utilized an innovative survey technique, the factorial survey methodology (Rossi & Nock, 1982), which allows for the simultaneous experimental manipulation of a large number of factors through the use of a vignette. This research demonstrates how the portrayal of difficulties faced by people in need and the ways in which they attempt to overcome these difficulties affect support for policies designed to aid low-income individuals and families. In addition, this study of public attitudes considers the role that psychological orientations of the evaluators play in judgments of families in need. In this case, we examined how the evaluators' belief that the world is a just place influences their evaluations of deservingness. Consistent with our expectations, we found that the more efforts the vignette subject engaged in improving her situation, the less deserving of government benefits she was judged to be by respondents with a strong belief in a just world. The reverse was found among respondents with a weaker belief: more efforts were associated with greater judgments of deservingness. 相似文献
69.
70.
Ruth Spinks Stephan Arndt Kristin Caspers Rebecca Yucuis L. William McKirgan Christopher Pfalzgraf Elijah Waterman 《Intelligence》2007,35(6):563-567
The relationship between measures of IQ and standardized school achievement tests is well established at around r ≈ 0.5 when the two are measured in close proximity. The current paper examined the stability of this correlation when comparing elementary school achievement (grades 3–8) and midlife IQ. Iowa Adoption Study participants who had standardized school achievement measures (ITBS) on file were given the WAIS-III. Mean age at IQ testing was 44.01 years (SD 6.65 years). The correlation between school achievement and WAIS-III FSIQ was r = 0.64, suggesting substantial life span stability in this relationship. Furthermore, elementary school achievement was substantially correlated with occupational status and household income at midlife. These findings suggest that standardized school achievement data is a useful measure of premorbid IQ. 相似文献