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81.
T. John Rosen 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2013,25(3):275-287
Abstract This paper is a critical evaluation of the construct of age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) and the criteria for assigning the AAMI label. It is argued that AAMI should not be regarded as a clinical diagnosis; that the AAMI criteria fail to isolate selective memory impairments, ignore crucial longitudinal information, and are vague, arbitrary, and unreliable; that studies of memory loss should examine a wider range of subjects than those who meet the AAMI criteria-moreover, use of the criteria may impede research; and that treatment studies should await investigations of the biological antecedents of memory loss. Several recommendations address subject selection and assessment issues. 相似文献
82.
Based on a model on spumed helpers’ reactions, a spurning scale for nurses was constructed with items to assess the extent
to which practicing nurses experience recurrent rejection of their help by patients and colleagues. Three approaches were
employed to examine the validity of the scale: the relationship of the spurning scores with job satisfaction and turnover
scores; the relationships of the spurning scores with burnout scores; and the relationships of the spurning scores with scores
indicative of stress arising from interactions with one's patients, colleagues, and supervisor. Practicing nurses in Hong
Kong (N = 212) who were enrolled in a refresher program of studies responded to a questionnaire containing the variables of
interest. The results offered promising evidence for the validity of the scale. 相似文献
83.
Chris Day Robert T. Kane Clare Roberts 《Journal of community & applied social psychology》2003,13(1):1-14
Two interventions aimed at preventing depressive symptoms in women living in Western Australian rural communities were evaluated against a no‐intervention control condition. The standard intervention was based upon traditional cognitive‐behaviour treatments for depression; the experimental intervention was based upon prevention strategies derived from the learned helplessness model of depression (e.g. Peterson, Maier, & Seligman, 1993 ). Seventy‐six women were randomly assigned to either the standard or the experimental group, and a further 20 women formed a no‐intervention control group. The standard group showed a reduction in depressive symptoms at post‐test, but no effects at 6‐week or 6‐month follow‐ups. In contrast, a reduction in depressive symptoms did not appear for the experimental group until the 6‐week follow‐up at which time a less depressive attributional style was also evident; these effects were even more pronounced at the 6‐month follow‐up. The no‐intervention control group showed no changes across time. It is argued that these results support the applicability of prevention strategies based on the learned helplessness model to this population. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
84.
85.
The concept of diagnostic utility was used to create questions that would differentially affect deception detection accuracy. Six deception detection studies show that subtle differences in questioning produced accuracy rates that were predictably, substantially, and reliably above and below chance. The first 3 detection studies demonstrate that diagnostically useful questioning can reliably achieve accuracy rates over 70% with student and experienced judges. The fourth and fifth experiments demonstrated negative diagnostic utility among federal investigators but not students. The final experiment crossed 3 sets of interview questions with experience. Strong question effects produced a swing in accuracy from 32 to 73%. A questioning by experience interaction was also obtained. 相似文献
86.
Performance on tasks sensitive to right hemisphere dysfunction (facial discrimination and perceptual closure) are reported in eight patients with right hemisphere lesions. Patients demonstrated an apparent double dissociation of performance on the two measures. Site-by-task specificity for the closure task was strongly suggested. Implications for right hemisphere organization and underlying psychological processes are considered. 相似文献
87.
88.
After generating an idea we believe is original, we want it to be credited as original and receive recognition for it. So, we would be upset if its originality were questioned, or if our link to that intellectual self-extension were threatened, and we would cope with self-protective strategies. This rationale prompted an experiment with seventy-five female undergraduates. They (P) were to imagine drafting a paper for submission to a national creativity fair proposing a novel method for determining the structure of things, but then decided against submitting it. Fellow-participant, O, learning of P's decision to withdraw, borrows P’s draft. Later, P submits a revised, retitled draft that, unfortunately, goes astray. Still later P discovers that O, without P's knowledge and consent, submitted a copy of P’s original draft to the fair, listing O’s name, both names, or P’s name as author(s), and that the idea was or was not judged as original. Origination and recognition credit allocation had predicted effects on P’s emotional reaction, evaluation of the judges’competence, and of O’s trustworthiness. Unexpect-edly low self-evaluated creativity and sociability, and low desire for future collabora-tion, were obtained when recognition went to P and O jointly. We discuss the applica-bility of belief agreement-attraction and cognitive balance models, of imitation as flattery, of self-esteem as a moderator, and whether our results are culture-bound. Finally, we note how the reactions hint at conflict between inclinations toward altru-ism versus narcissistic self-interest when it comes to sharing one’s self-generated intellectual products with others. 相似文献
89.
One objective of the present study was to further establish the external validity for a model on spurned helpers' reactions
through examining the spurning-burnout linkage in practicing nurses. A second objective was to explore whether or not social
support from one's supervisor and one's colleague could reduce the negative impact of spurn-ing on burnout. The last objective
was to assess if workload would add to the effects of spurning on burnout. One-hundred seventy-two practicing nurses in Hong
Kong responded to a questionnaire measuring the variables of interest. The results revealed once again the adverse effects
of spurning on burnout, and that peer support and workload served as important moderators. 相似文献
90.