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201.
It has sometimes been suggested that backwards time travel always incurs causal loops. I show that this is mistaken, by describing worlds where backwards time travel occurs and yet no causal loops occur. Arguments that backwards time travel can occur without causal loops have been given before in the literature, but I show that those arguments are unconvincing. 相似文献
202.
Successful investors seeking returns, animals foraging for food, and pilots controlling aircraft all must take into account how their current decisions will impact their future standing. One challenge facing decision makers is that options that appear attractive in the short-term may not turn out best in the long run. In this paper, we explore human learning in a dynamic decision making task which places short- and long-term rewards in conflict. Our goal in these studies was to evaluate how people’s mental representation of a task affects their ability to discover an optimal decision strategy. We find that perceptual cues that readily align with the underlying state of the task environment help people overcome the impulsive appeal of short-term rewards. Our experimental manipulations, predictions, and analyses are motivated by current work in reinforcement learning which details how learners value delayed outcomes in sequential tasks and the importance that “state” identification plays in effective learning. 相似文献
203.
204.
Siu-kuen Azor Hui Rex A. Wright Christopher C. Stewart Angel Simmons Bradley Eaton R. Nicholas Nolte 《Motivation and emotion》2009,33(4):419-434
Female undergraduates were assigned to one of three groups, two involving regulatory training and one not. Training participants
performed for 2 weeks tasks that required strong behavioral restraint (Strong Training) or weak behavioral restraint (Weak
Training). Later, they took part in (1) a laboratory session in which they performed tasks with inhibitory components, and
(2) a follow-up week in which they provided health behavior reports and used designated dental supplies. No Training participants
took part only in the session and follow-up week. As expected, laboratory performance was improved for Strong- relative to
No Training participants, with performance for Weak Training participants falling in between. Also as expected, Strong Training
participants used more floss in the follow-up week than did the No Training participants, with floss for Weak Training participants
falling between. Contrary to expectation, Strong Training participants used less toothpaste and reported having brushed less
than the No Training participants. In addition, Strong Training participants evinced exaggerated—rather than diminished—cardiovascular
responses during the laboratory tasks. The performance and floss use data support the suggestion that inhibitory system strength
can be increased through use. The brushing and cardiovascular findings may be interpretable in inhibitory strength terms. 相似文献
205.
Our study examined the role of social identity processes in determining how individuals evaluate, deal with, and are affected by severe events of war. We reasoned that for those who experience such events collectively and who identify strongly with their group, primary appraisal will be filtered through the prism of social identity. In a sample of Kosovo Albanians who had survived the armed conflict in 1999, we found that those who were able to evaluate the war as affirming their group identity presented lower levels of depressive mood and anxiety and higher levels of self-efficacy. Furthermore, this process of war appraisal affected the process of secondary appraisal. Specifically, positive war appraisal increased availability of support from close others and reduced the importance of positive individual coping strategies in dealing with extreme events. Conversely, negative war appraisal reduced availability of support from close others and reduced the importance of negative coping strategies in dealing with extreme events. 相似文献
206.
Tammy M. Beran Tara A. McCannel Annette L. Stanton Bradley R. Straatsma Barry L. Burgess 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(3):265-274
To determine if choroidal melanoma patients want cytogenetic prognostic information. Ninety-nine choroidal melanoma patients
completed a questionnaire regarding their opinions about receiving prognostic information. The perceived usefulness of prognostic
information was evaluated in patients who had undergone cytogenetic testing. Depressive symptoms, quality of life, and interest
in supportive counseling during test receipt were assessed. Ninety-seven percent of respondents reported that they would have
wanted prognostic information at the time of their treatment and 98% of respondents reported that supportive counseling should
be offered when prognostic information is given. Patients who had received a more favorable prognostic result were more likely
to endorse the usefulness of cytogenetic testing than were patients who had received a less favorable prognostic result. Psychological
status did not vary significantly as a function of cytogenetic test result. Prognostic information was important to patients
with choroidal melanoma, even in the absence of prophylactic measures which might improve prognosis. 相似文献
207.
A. Ross Otto Todd M. Gureckis Arthur B. Markman Bradley C. Love 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(5):957-963
Research on dynamic decision-making tasks, in which the payoffs associated with each choice vary with participants’ recent
choice history, shows that humans have difficulty making long-term optimal choices in the presence of attractive immediate
rewards. However, a number of recent studies have shown that simple cues providing information about the underlying state
of the task environment may facilitate optimal responding. In this study, we examined the mechanism by which this state knowledge
influences choice behavior. We examined the possibility that participants use state information in conjunction with changing
payoffs to extrapolate payoffs in future states. We found support for this hypothesis in an experiment in which generalizations
based on this state information worked to the benefit or detriment of task performance, depending on the task’s payoff structure. 相似文献
208.
Alan W. J. Wales Clare Anderson Katherine L. Jones Adrian Schwaninger James A. Horne 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(3):937-943
Visual inspection of X-ray images of luggage is a time-pressured task that typically shows large initial training effects,
but there exists a paucity of models capable of evaluating performance and speed concurrently. In the present study, visual
inspection ability during learning was modeled using Drury’s two-component inspection model (TCM; Drury, 1975) in a laboratory
experiment involving 12 younger (mean age = 20.8 years) and 12 older (mean age = 60.0 years) naive participants undertaking
a simplified luggage search task. Model fits and assumptions were found to be reliable and accurately reflected improvement
with training for decision time, although neither search nor decision components of the model individually showed a significant
effect of age. The decision component of the model showed larger improvement with training than did the search component,
and stopping-time policy accurately reflected the improvements found between ages and within training levels. The TCM is a
useful supplement to detection theory when speed of performance is a factor. 相似文献
209.
Richard Bradley 《Synthese》2007,156(3):513-535
Richard Jeffrey regarded the version of Bayesian decision theory he floated in ‘The Logic of Decision’ and the idea of a probability
kinematics—a generalisation of Bayesian conditioning to contexts in which the evidence is ‘uncertain’—as his two most important
contributions to philosophy. This paper aims to connect them by developing kinematical models for the study of preference
change and practical deliberation. Preference change is treated in a manner analogous to Jeffrey’s handling of belief change:
not as mechanical outputs of combinations of intrinsic desires plus information, but as a matter of judgement and of making
up one’s mind. In the first section Jeffrey’s probability kinematics is motivated and extended to the treatment of changes
in conditional belief. In the second, analogous kinematical models are developed for preference change and in particular belief-induced
change that depends on an invariance condition for conditional preference. The two are the brought together in the last section
in a tentative model of pratical deliberation.
This paper is one of a pair dedicated to Richard Jeffrey and prepared for a workshop held in his memory at the 26th International
Wittgenstein Symposium. My thanks to the organisers of, and the participants in, this workshop and to two anonymous referees
for their comments. 相似文献
210.
Hopkins N Reicher S Harrison K Cassidy C Bull R Levine M 《Personality & social psychology bulletin》2007,33(6):776-788
Three studies consider a basis for intergroup helping. Specifically, they show that group members may help others to disconfirm a stereotype of their own group as mean. Study 1 shows that Scots believe they are seen as mean by the English, resent this stereotype, are motivated to refute it, and believe out-group helping is a particularly effective way of doing so. Study 2 shows that increasing the salience of the English stereotype of the Scottish as mean leads Scots to accentuate the extent to which Scots are depicted as generous. Study 3 shows that increasing the salience of the stereotype of the Scots as mean results in an increase in the help volunteered to out-group members. These results highlight how strategic concerns may result in out-group helping. In turn, they underscore the point that helping others may be a means to advance a group's interest. 相似文献