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81.
Spheres of Justice within Schools: Reflections and Evidence on the Distribution of Educational Goods
Clara Sabbagh Nura Resh Michal Mor Pieter Vanhuysse 《Social Psychology of Education》2006,9(2):97-118
This article argues that there are distinct spheres of justice within education and examines a range of justice norms and
distribution rules that characterize the daily life of schools and classrooms. Moving from the macro to micro level, we identify
the following five areas: the right to education, the allocation of (or selection into) learning places, teaching–learning
practices, teachers’ treatment of students, and student evaluations of grade distribution. We discuss the literature on the
beliefs by students and teachers about the just distribution of educational goods in these five domains, and on the practices
used in the actual allocation of these goods. In line with normative ‘spheres of justice’ arguments in social theory, we conclude
that the ideals of social justice within schools vary strongly according to the particular resource to be distributed. Moreover,
these ideals often do not correspond with the practices that actually guide resource distribution in education, which may
go some way toward explaining explicit or latent conflicts in this sphere.
Justice is a human construction, and it is doubtful that it can be made in only one way – Michael Walzer (1983, p. 5) 相似文献
82.
Mari Aguilera Clara Paz Victoria Compañ Juan Carlos Medina Guillem Feixas 《International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology》2019,19(2):160-164
Background/ObjectiveThe comorbidity of depression and fibromyalgia chronic syndrome has been well documented in the literature; however, the cognitive structure of these patients has not been assessed. Previous results reported variability in cognitive rigidity in depressive patients, the key for this might be the presence of chronic physical pain such as fibromyalgia. The present study explores and compares the cognitive rigidity and differentiation, between patients with depression with and without fibromyalgia syndrome.MethodThirty one patients with depression and fibromyalgia were matched, considering age, sex and number of depressive episodes, with 31 patients with depression but without fibromyalgia diagnosis. Cognitive rigidity and differentiation were measured with the repertory grid technique.ResultsThe results indicated that depressed patients with fibromyalgia presented higher levels of depressive symptoms, greater cognitive rigidity and lower cognitive differentiation than those without fibromyalgia.ConclusionsThe results might inform future treatments to address the cognitive structure of these patients. 相似文献
83.
Evaluating warning sound urgency with reaction times 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
It is well-established that subjective judgments of perceived urgency of alarm sounds can be affected by acoustic parameters. In this study, the authors investigated an objective measurement, the reaction time (RT), to test the effectiveness of temporal parameters of sounds in the context of warning sounds. Three experiments were performed using a RT paradigm, with two different concurrent visuomotor tracking tasks simulating driving conditions. Experiments 1 and 2 show that RT decreases as interonset interval (IOI) decreases, where IOI is defined as the time elapsed from the onset of one sound pulse to the onset of the next. Experiment 3 shows that temporal irregularity between pulses can capture a listener's attention. These findings lead to concrete recommendations: IOI can be used to modulate warning sound urgency; and temporal irregularity can provoke an arousal effect in listeners. The authors also argue that the RT paradigm provides a useful tool for clarifying some of the factors involved in alarm processing. 相似文献
84.
We examined whether individual differences in children's performance on a scaled battery of theory-of-mind tasks was predicted by parents' performance on an adult theory-of-mind task. Forty-six 3-year-old children and their parents participated in this study when children were aged 2;11 to 4;0. Thirty dyads returned 6 months later for a second assessment. After statistically controlling for relevant covariates, we detected a positive correlation between parents' and children's theory-of-mind scores. The correlation was significant at both time points, and was robust when data were aggregated across the two sessions. These results provide some evidence for intergenerational transmission of theory-of-mind abilities in a typically developing sample, and possible mechanisms underlying this relation are discussed. 相似文献
85.
The motion aftereffect is a robust illusion of visual motion resulting from exposure to a moving pattern. There is a widely accepted explanation of it in terms of changes in the response of cortical direction-selective neurons. Research has distinguished several variants of the effect. Converging recent evidence from different experimental techniques (psychophysics, single-unit recording, brain imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, visual evoked potentials and magnetoencephalography) reveals that adaptation is not confined to one or even two cortical areas, but occurs at multiple levels of processing involved in visual motion analysis. A tentative motion-processing framework is described, based on motion aftereffect research. Recent ideas on the function of adaptation see it as a form of gain control that maximises the efficiency of information transmission at multiple levels of the visual pathway. 相似文献
86.
We compared the mobbing response to model snakes of two groups of captive-born common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) differing in genetic relatedness, age and past experience. Mobbing vocalisations (tsik calls), other mobbing behaviour and
attention to the stimulus were recorded for 2 min. intervals pre-exposure, during exposure to various stimuli and post-exposure.
Marmosets in one group were vocally reactive to all stimuli, although more so to one particular stimulus resembling rearing
snakes and modified images of it, whereas the marmosets in a younger and genetically unrelated group attended to the stimuli
but made very few mobbing calls. The parent stock of the first group had suffered stress in early life and had developed a
phobic response to a specific stimulus, which they had transmitted to their offspring. A third group, matching the older group
in age range but genetically unrelated, was also found to be unresponsive to the stimulus that elicited the strongest response
in the first group. Cortisol levels in samples of hair were assayed and a significant negative correlation was found between
the number of tsik calls made during presentation of the stimuli and the cortisol level, showing that mobbing behaviour/behavioural
reactivity is associated with low levels of physiological stress. 相似文献
87.
88.
本研究通过经典的错误信念任务首先考察了3与4岁幼儿心理理论的发展水平;然后通过抑制控制任务探讨了幼儿心理理论发展水平与抑制控制能力发展的关系。结果表明,3、4岁在完成错误信念任务时有显著的年龄差异;通过错误信念任务的幼儿在抑制冲突的得分显著地高于没有通过错误信念的幼儿;而且除了他人的错误信念,幼儿在其他错误信念上的水平与抑制冲突成绩有显著的相关。 相似文献
89.
Clara B. Jones 《Aggressive behavior》1986,12(3):167-173
Human infant transfers filmed in West New Guinea and stored in the archives of Max-Planck Geselschaft are formally described and analyzed relative to reports of similar behavior from nonhuman primates in laboratory and field studies. Motor patterns directed from one individual to another were discriminated and grouped into five categories of behavior ordered according to their relative likelihoods of “damaging aggression” [Fagen, American Naturalist, 115:858–869, 1980]. Transfers generally occurred between two females of different reproductive conditions. Most interactions were directed from the holder of the infant to the infant, demonstrating that the infant is the recipient of most nondamaging as well as potentially damaging behavior. While transfers are characterized by “aggressive restraint,” the least damaging behavior is most likely to precede a transfer and may function to prolong the relative duration of infant holding. Behavior with a relatively high likelihood of damage to the infant by the infant holder is as likely to occur before as after transfer, suggesting that infant transfer behavior in this human society reflects competitive interactions among adult females. 相似文献
90.